Computational Biophysics Of The Skin

The accessibility of the skin in vivo has resulted in the development of non-invasive methods in the past 40 years that offer accurate measurements of skin properties and structures from microscopic to macroscopic levels. However, the mechanisms involved in these properties are still only partly understood. Similar to many other domains, including biomedical engineering, numerical modeling has appeared as a complementary key actor for improving our knowledge of skin physiology. This book presents, for the first time, the contributions that focus on scientific computing and numerical modeling to offer a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in skin physiology. The book is structured around some skin properties and functions, including optical and biomechanical properties and skin barrier function and homeostasis, with—for each of them—several chapters that describe either biological or physical models at different scales.

This book presents state-of-the-art experimental and modelling techniques for skin biophysics that are currently used in academic and industrial research. It also identifies current and future challenges, as well as a growing number of opportunities in this exciting research field. The book covers the basics of skin physiology, biology, microstructural and material properties, and progressively introduces the reader to established experimental characterisation protocols and modelling approaches. Advanced topics in modelling theories and numerical implementation are also presented. The book focusses especially on: 1. Basic physiology, molecular biology, microstructural and material properties of the skin. 2. Experimental characterisation techniques for the skin (including imaging): in vivo and in vitro techniques and combination of those with in silico approaches. 3. State-of-the-art constitutive models of the skin: elastic, anelastic and mechanobiological formulations (e.g. growth, ageing, healing). 4. Applications: mechanics, damage, biological growth, healing, ageing and skin tribology. This book is addressed to postgraduate students in biomedical/mechanical/civil engineering, (bio)physics and applied mathematics, postdoctoral researchers, as well as scientists and engineers working in academia and industry engaged in skin research, particularly, if at the cross-roads of physical experiments, imaging and modelling. The book is also be of interest to clinicians/biologists who wish to learn about the possibilities offered by modern engineering techniques for skin science research and, by so doing, provide them with an incentive to broaden their outlook, engage more widely with the non-clinical research communities and, ultimately, help cross-fertilising new ideas that will lead to better treatment plans and engineering solutions.

This book is addressed to young researchers and engineers in the fields of Computational Science and Artificial Intelligence, ranging from innovative computational methods to digital machine learning tools and their coupling used for solving challenging industrial and societal problems.This book provides the latest knowledge from jointly academic and industries experts in Computational Science and Artificial Intelligence fields for exploring possibilities and identifying challenges of applying Computational Sciences and AI methods and tools in industrial and societal sectors.

This book gathers selected papers presented at 5th International Conference on Communication and Computational Technologies (ICCCT 2023), jointly organized by Soft Computing Research Society (SCRS) and Rajasthan Institute of Engineering & Technology (RIET), Jaipur, during January 28–29, 2023. The book is a collection of state-of-the art research work in the cutting-edge technologies related to the communication and intelligent systems. The topics covered are algorithms and applications of intelligent systems, informatics and applications, and communication and control systems.

Lipids and Skin Health is the first effort to summarize and review the studies, ideas, and research that link lipid metabolism to the largest organ of our body, the skin. The book covers the fundamental biology of the skin, and the major involvement of the transcriptional factors that govern lipid synthesis and the bioactive lipids in this intriguing organ. All layers of skin are presented, as well as their relevant lipids from the epidermis to dermis and even to the hypodermis. The important and unique-to-skin biological pathways are laid out, with a special focus on the various models that demonstrate the essential role of lipid synthesis in skin pathophysiology. The use of lipids in the cosmetic industry is emphasized, and last but not least the involvement of lipids in the clinical setting is also discussed. This book will appeal to healthcare professionals, researchers and dermatology professionals, and will help them to brainstorm new products and opportunities that will target the emerging importance of lipid metabolism in skin for acne, aging, and healthy skin. Apostolos Pappas, Ph.D., is a professional member of the Institute of Food Technology. He started his professional career as a research biochemist in the Skin Research Center of Johnson & Johnson and later served as a group leader at Munich Biotech, where he worked on cancer research. Thereafter he returned to Johnson & Johnson, where he is currently a Research Manager and Fellow focusing on lipid metabolism research. He has authored numerous scientific publications, patent applications, and books.

This book presents the state-of-the-art in supercomputer simulation. It includes the latest findings from leading researchers using systems from the High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart (HLRS) in 2020. The reports cover all fields of computational science and engineering ranging from CFD to computational physics and from chemistry to computer science with a special emphasis on industrially relevant applications. Presenting findings of one of Europe’s leading systems, this volume covers a wide variety of applications that deliver a high level of sustained performance. The book covers the main methods in high-performance computing. Its outstanding results in achieving the best performance for production codes are of particular interest for both scientists and engineers. The book comes with a wealth of color illustrations and tables of results.

The rapid and continuous growth in the amount of available medical information and the variety of multimodal content has created demand for a fast and reliable technology capable of processing data and delivering results in a user-friendly manner, whenever and wherever the information is needed. Multimodal acquisition systems, AI-powered applications, and biocybernetic support for medical procedures, physiotherapy and prevention have opened up exciting new avenues in terms of optimizing the healthcare system for the benefit of patients. This book presents a comprehensive study on the latest advances in medical data science and gathers carefully selected articles written by respected experts on information technology. Pursuing an interdisciplinary approach and addressing both theoretical and applied aspects, it chiefly focuses on: Artificial Intelligence Image Analysis Sound and Motion in Physiotherapy and Physioprevention Modeling and Simulation Medical Data Analysis Given its scope, the book offers a valuable reference tool for all scientists who deal with problems of designing and implementing information processing tools employed in systems that assist in patient diagnosis and treatment, as well as students who want to learn more about the latest innovations in quantitative medical data analysis, data mining, and artificial intelligence.

This research book covers the major aspects relating to the use of novel delivery systems in enhancing both transdermal and intradermal drug delivery. It provides a review of transdermal and intradermal drug delivery, including the history of the field and the various methods employed to produce delivery systems from different materials such as device design, construction and evaluation, so as to provide a sound background to the use of novel systems in enhanced delivery applications. Furthermore, it presents in-depth analyses of recent developments in this exponentially growing field, with a focus on microneedle arrays, needle-free injections, nanoparticulate systems and peptide-carrier-type systems. It also covers conventional physical enhancement strategies, such as tape-stripping, sonophoresis, iontophoresis, electroporation and thermal/suction/laser ablation Discussions about the penetration of the stratum corneum by the various novel strategies highlight the importance of the application method. Comprehensive and critical reviews of transdermal and intradermal delivery research using such systems focus on the outcomes of in vivoanimal and human studies. The book includes laboratory, clinical and commercial case studies featuring safety and patient acceptability studies carried out to date, and depicts a growing area for use of these novel systems is in intradermal vaccine delivery. The final chapters review recent patents in this field and describe the work ongoing in industry.