Introduction To Biomaterials

A succinct introduction to the field of biomaterials engineering, packed with practical insights.

A practical road map to the key families of biomaterials and their potential applications in clinical therapeutics, Introduction to Biomaterials, Second Edition follows the entire path of development from theory to lab to practical application. It highlights new biocompatibility issues, metrics, and statistics as well as new legislation for intellectual property. Divided into four sections (Biology, Biomechanics, Biomaterials Interactions; Biomaterials Testing, Statistics, Regulatory Considerations, Intellectual Property; Biomaterials Compositions; and Biomaterials Applications), this dramatically revised edition includes both new and revised chapters on cells, tissues, and signaling molecules in wound healing cascades, as well as two revised chapters on standardized materials testing with in vitro and in vivo paradigms consistent with regulatory guidelines. Emphasizing biocompatibility at the biomaterial-host interface, it investigates cell-cell interactions, cell-signaling and the inflammatory and complement cascades, specific interactions of protein-adsorbed materials, and other inherent biological constraints including solid-liquid interfaces, diffusion, and protein types. Unique in its inclusion of the practicalities of biomaterials as an industry, the book also covers the basic principles of statistics, new U.S. FDA information on the biomaterials-biology issues relevant to patent applications, and considerations of intellectual property and patent disclosure. With nine completely new chapters and 24 chapters extensively updated and revised with new accomplishments and contemporary data, this comprehensive introduction discusses 13 important classes of biomaterials, their fundamental and applied research, practical applications, performance properties, synthesis and testing, potential future applications, and commonly matched clinical applications. The authors include extensive references, to create a comprehensive, yet manageable didactic work that is an invaluable desk references and instructional text for undergraduates and working professionals alike.

1. Introduction to bioceramics. 1.1. Bioactive materials. 1.2. References -- 2. Bioactive ceramics : structure, synthesis, and mechanical properties. 2.1. Structure of hydroxyapatite. 2.2. Synthesis of hydroxyapatite powder. 2.3. Mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite. 2.4. Other bioceramics. 2.5. References. 2.6. Problems -- 3. Bioceramic processing. 3.1. Fabrication and mechanical properties of porous bioceramics. 3.2. Coating of bioceramic thick films on bio-inert porous subs. 3.3. Coating on dense substrates. 3.4. Hydroxyapatite coatings for non-hard tissue applications. 3.5. Composites. 3.6. Summary. 3.7. References. 3.8. Problems -- 4. Coating of hydroxyapatite onto inner pore surfaces of the reticulated alumina. 4.1. Hydroxyapatite coating methods and characterization. 4.2. Adhesion of hydroxyapatite film on alumina substrate. 4.3. References. 4.4. Problems -- 5. Properties and characterization of biomaterials. 5.1. Characterization of ceramics. 5.2. Bioactive properties and hard tissue prosthetics. 5.3. Measurements of growth and dissolution of hydroxyapatite ceramics. 5.4. In vitro test conducted in this reasearch. 5.5. Mechanical properties. 5.6. References. 5.7. Problems -- 6. Bioactivity of hydroxyapatite. 6.1. General aspects. 6.2. In vitro testing materials and preparation. 6.3. Characterization of immersion solution. 6.4. Morphology of the reacted surfaces. 6.5. References. 6.6. Problems -- 7. Hydroxyapatite deposition mechanisms. 7.1. Material synthesis and hydroxyapatite coating. 7.2. Mechanisms of bioactivity. 7.3. References. 7.4. Problems -- 8. Biomedical metallic materials. 8.1. Microstructures and processing. 8.2. Corrosion resistance of metals. 8.3. Biological tolerance of metal. 8.4. Stainless steel. 8.5. Cobalt-based alloys. 8.6. Titanium and its alloys. 8.7. TiNi shape memory alloy. 8.8. Summary. 8.9. References. 8.10. Problems -- 9. Polymer basics. 9.1. Classification of polymers. 9.2. Characteristics of polymer. 9.3. Synthesis of polymers. 9.4. References. 9.5. Problems -- 10. Naturally occurring polymer biomaterials. 10.1. General introduction to proteins. 10.2. Collagen. 10.3. Alginate. 10.4. Chitin and chitosan. 10.5. References. 10.6. Problems -- 11. Synthetic non-biodegradable polymers. 11.1. Polyethylene. 11.2. Poly (methyl methacrylate). 11.3. Polyester. 11.4. Polycarbonate. 11.5. Polyamides. 11.6. Polyurethane. 11.7. Pofysulfones. 11.8. Poly (ether ether ketone). 11.9. References. 11.10. Problems -- 12. Synthetic biodegradable polymers. 12.1. Aliphatic polyester. 12.2. Poly (propylene fumarate). 12.3. Polyamino acid. 12.4. References. 12.5. Problems -- 13. Polymer matrix composite biomaterials. 13.1. Fiber reinforced composites. 13.2. Filler reinforced composites. 13.3. Methods to improve the interfacial bonding between phases in composites. 13.4. References. 13.5. Problems -- 14. Biomaterials for tissue engineering. 14.1. General aspects of biomaterials used for tissue engineering. 14.2. Representative biomaterials used for tissue engineering. 14.3. Biomaterial constructs for tissue engineering : scaffolds. 14.4. References. 14.5. Problems -- 15. Cells and biomolecules for tissue engineering. 15.1. Cells for tissue engineering. 15.2. Growth factor delivery in tissue engineering. 15.3. Regulatory matrix proteins. 15.4. References. 15.5. Problems -- 16. Transport and vascularization in tissue engineering. 16.1. Transport in engineered tissue. 16.2. Vascularization. 16.3. References. 16.4. Problems -- 17. Host response to tissue engineered grafts. 17.1. The foreign body response to synthetic components. 17.2. Response to biological components. 17.3. References. 17.4. Problems -- 18. Other important issues and future challenges in tissue engineering. 18.1. Organ replacement and regeneration. 18.2. Organotypic and histiotypic models. 18.3. Mechanotransduction. 18.4. Future challenges. 18.5. References. 18.6. Problems

The complexity of biological systems and the need to design and develop biomedical therapies poses major challenges to professionals in the biomedical disciplines. An Introduction to Biomaterials emphasizes applications of biomaterials for patient care. Containing chapters prepared by leading authorities on key biomaterial types, this book underscores the process of biomaterial design, development directed toward clinical application, and testing that leads to therapies for clinical targets. The authors provide a lucid perspective on the standards available and the logic behind the standards in which biomaterials address clinical needs. This volume includes chapters on consensus standards and regulatory approaches to testing paradigms, followed by an analysis of specific classes of biomaterials. The book closes with sections on clinical topics that integrate materials sciences and patient applications.

This book is written for students who want a working knowledge in the field of implant materials. Obviously, the interdisciplinary nature of this subject has been a major obstacle in writing a book of this nature. In writing this book, I have attempted to cover both biological and nonbiological (man-made) materials for obvious reasons. Hence, this book can be divided into three parts-man-made materials, biological materials, and implant materials. The fundamental structure-property relationship is dealt with in the beginning, followed by the biological materials. Implant materials or biomaterials as such are not greatly different from other man-made materials. Therefore, their acceptability in the body is emphasized. In addition, the reasons for a particular implant design and its material selection have been given special attention. An effort is made to convert all the units into SI units although one or 10 two exceptions are made such as A (= 10- m). Also some abbreviations such as vlo (volume %) and wlo (weight %) are used for brevity. To cover the wide range of subjects dealt with in this book, I have used countless original and review articles as well as my own research proposals. A conscientious effort has been made to give credit to the original sources. Credit is given in the captions ofthe illustrations. For the occasional oversight of some tables and figures which could not be traced, the author offers his apologies.

These contribution books collect reviews and original articles from eminent experts working in the interdisciplinary arena of biomaterial development and use. From their direct and recent experience, the readers can achieve a wide vision on the new and ongoing potentialities of different synthetic and engineered biomaterials. Contributions were selected not based on a direct market or clinical interest, but on results coming from a very fundamental studies. This too will allow to gain a more general view of what and how the various biomaterials can do and work for, along with the methodologies necessary to design, develop and characterize them, without the restrictions necessary imposed by industrial or profit concerns. Biomaterial constructs and supramolecular assemblies have been studied, for example, as drug and protein carriers, tissue scaffolds, or to manage the interactions between artificial devices and the body. In this volume of the biomaterial series have been gathered in particular reviews and papers focusing on the application of new and known macromolecular compounds to nanotechnology and nanomedicine, along with their chemical and mechanical engineering aimed to fit specific biomedical purposes.

The second edition of this bestselling title provides the most up-to-date comprehensive review of all aspects of biomaterials science by providing a balanced, insightful approach to learning biomaterials. This reference integrates a historical perspective of materials engineering principles with biological interactions of biomaterials. Also provided within are regulatory and ethical issues in addition to future directions of the field, and a state-of-the-art update of medical and biotechnological applications. All aspects of biomaterials science are thoroughly addressed, from tissue engineering to cochlear prostheses and drug delivery systems. Over 80 contributors from academia, government and industry detail the principles of cell biology, immunology, and pathology. Focus within pertains to the clinical uses of biomaterials as components in implants, devices, and artificial organs. This reference also touches upon their uses in biotechnology as well as the characterization of the physical, chemical, biochemical and surface properties of these materials. Provides comprehensive coverage of principles and applications of all classes of biomaterials Integrates concepts of biomaterials science and biological interactions with clinical science and societal issues including law, regulation, and ethics Discusses successes and failures of biomaterials applications in clinical medicine and the future directions of the field Cover the broad spectrum of biomaterial compositions including polymers, metals, ceramics, glasses, carbons, natural materials, and composites Endorsed by the Society for Biomaterials

The revised edition of the renowned and bestselling title is the most comprehensive single text on all aspects of biomaterials science from principles to applications. Biomaterials Science, fourth edition, provides a balanced, insightful approach to both the learning of the science and technology of biomaterials and acts as the key reference for practitioners who are involved in the applications of materials in medicine.This new edition incorporates key updates to reflect the latest relevant research in the field, particularly in the applications section, which includes the latest in topics such as nanotechnology, robotic implantation, and biomaterials utilized in cancer research detection and therapy. Other additions include regenerative engineering, 3D printing, personalized medicine and organs on a chip. Translation from the lab to commercial products is emphasized with new content dedicated to medical device development, global issues related to translation, and issues of quality assurance and reimbursement. In response to customer feedback, the new edition also features consolidation of redundant material to ensure clarity and focus. Biomaterials Science, 4th edition is an important update to the best-selling text, vital to the biomaterials’ community. The most comprehensive coverage of principles and applications of all classes of biomaterials Edited and contributed by the best-known figures in the biomaterials field today; fully endorsed and supported by the Society for Biomaterials Fully revised and updated to address issues of translation, nanotechnology, additive manufacturing, organs on chip, precision medicine and much more. Online chapter exercises available for most chapters