La Llamada De La Tribu

The intellectual autobiography of Mario Vargas Llosa, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature. From its origins, the liberal doctrine has represented the most advanced forms of democratic culture, and it is what has most defended us from the inextinguishable “call of the tribe.” This book hopes to make a modest contribution to that indispensable project. In The Call of the Tribe, Mario Vargas Llosa surveys the readings that have shaped the way he thinks and has viewed the world over the past fifty years. The Nobel laureate, “tireless in his quest to probe the nature of the human animal” (Marie Arana, The Washington Post), maps out the liberal thinkers who helped him develop a new body of ideas after the great ideological traumas of his disenchantment with the Cuban Revolution and his alienation from the ideas of Jean-Paul Sartre, the author who most inspired Vargas Llosa in his youth. The works of Adam Smith, José Ortega y Gasset, Friedrich A. Hayek, Karl Popper, Raymond Aron, Isaiah Berlin, and Jean-François Revel helped the author enormously during those uneasy years. They showed him another school of thought, one that placed the individual before the tribe, nation, class, or party and defended freedom of expression as a fundamental value for the exercise of democracy. The Call of the Tribe documents Vargas Llosa’s engagement with their work and charts the evolution of his personal ideology.

About a hundred years after the outbreak of the Spanish flu and the beginning of fascism in Italy, the world watches history as it resonates. A pandemic of Coronavirus spreads throughout the world leaving a trail of sick, dead, and broke people. But only as shocking as the biological impact is the social impact. More serious perhaps than the physical illness itself. A collective psychic disorder arises, which features several components of an infection: the spread of the infectious ideology of hate. The idea of this essay starts from the ambivalence of the ideologies and the intense noise that most of them make. Right-wingers, Leftists, Liberals, and Conservatives… all think they are so different, when in fact, especially when extreme, they are all much alike. However, one of the many ideologies that have emerged in the last 350 years deserves a separate essay: fascism and its aspects. The term is being overused, and with it, there is a risk of losing its actual meaning. Not all violence derives from fascism, but there is no fascism without preaching violence and the prevalence of one power over the others. No, fascism does not exist in the same dimension and stridency as in the 20s, 30s, and 40s of the 20th century, but neither can we declare it to have been fully eradicated from humanity. In this essay, the author demonstrates what happened with the fascist movement and how it is still present among us.

This book addresses the manifold crisis of current societies and understands it as a failure of normative social structuration. As an exemplar for this development, it analyses the decline of welfare state models and the corresponding societal compromise. Yet, it evaluates them as a symptom of a wider malaise of normative orders in complex societies. The question thus arises as to how social science can study the ongoing societal transformation. The book frames the phenomenon as ‘normative intermittency’ to capture its fluid alternation of social structuration and destructuration and develops its analysis in three steps: first, it draws a theoretically reflected symptomatic of its occurrences; it then establishes the sociological diagnosis necessary to understand its unfolding and finally evaluates its political outcomes. Methodologically, the book advocates a complete overhaul of the analytical frames of sociology to gauge the intermittent rhythm of the ongoing societal transformation. Thus, it develops an innovative reading of classical sociological theory beyond a number of unreflected axiomatic assumptions of the current sociological mainstream. Thanks to the assessment of the political outcomes of failing social structuration the book turns to a discussion of the development of possible emancipation paths in the form of ‘transformative social action’; reflexively, this accounts for the results of the sociological diagnosis of the crisis of normative social orders. The main analyses within the book scrutinise a number of empirical phenomena that establish normative intermittency in current societies and refer to the major debates that are taking place on the related topics in the state of art of sociological and political theory.

Privatization requires the presence of capable governments setting clear goals, addressing potential hazards of private engagement, and exploring multiple paths of improvement.

El sueño de un exiliado cubano, todo comienzo un 1 de Abril de 1980, tome la dedición de salir de mi país por medio de una embajada, con la intención de llegar a estados unidos, sabiendo que para lo que yo quería lograr, tenía que salir mi tierra adorada Cuba, tal vez en Miami sería mucho más fácil, siempre desde muy niño soñé y admire a los grandes escritores sabios, como ha mi ídolo José Maria Vargas Vila y mi guía espiritual literario, como varios espiritistas y tatas lo han nombrado como el escribano, & otros tantos mas. Y soñaba con que algún día podría ser como uno de ellos, siguiendo paso a paso cada uno de los consejos de mis maestros, mi padrino y abuelo. Que también fueron como mis padres siendo ellos unos grandes sabios en la religión, que lograría mis sueños. Pues siempre dedique con cariño y respeto todos lo que me decían así me forcé a estudiar sin olvidarme de la gran importancia que ellos eran para mí, no la ambición nunca de ser mejor que ellos, porque aquí es donde está el detalle, pero si le seguiría sus pasos. Que nunca nos podemos olvidar que cada maestro guarda en su marga una carta de triunfo, los maestros te enseñan de eso estoy seguro que el ultimo brinco no te lo enseñaran jamás. Como todos sabemos lo que pasa un extranjero al llegar a este país, más aun cuando uno es de la piel oscura, que el egoísmo el racismo y la envidia esta en primeras planas de esas personas ignorantes que no conocen la filosofía, recuerdo cuando era un adolescente, leí un escrito de mi gran maestro espiritual (el viejo Vila) que dijo solo aquellos ignorantes desconocen que solamente existe una raza y es la raza humana. Ignorantes y falta de ética humana. Ndula congo Monikiamboto. Entuala Kongo.