4d Visualization Of Matter

Ever since the beginning of mankind's efforts to pursue scientific inquiry into the laws of nature, visualization of the very distant and the very small has been paramount. The examples are numerous. A century ago, the atom appeared mysterious, a “raisin or plum pie of no structure,” until it was visualized on the appropriate length and time scales. Similarly, with telescopic observations, a central dogma of the cosmos was changed and complexity yielded to simplicity of the heliocentric structure and motion in our solar system. For matter, in over a century of developments, major advances have been made to explore the inner microscopic structures and dynamics. These advances have benefited many fields of endeavor, but visualization was incomplete; it was limited either to the 3D spatial structure or to the 1D temporal evolution. However, in systems with myriads of atoms, 4D spatiotemporal visualization is essential for dissecting their complexity. The biological world is rich with examples, and many molecular diseases cannot be fully understood without such direct visualization, as, for example, in the case of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The same is true for phenomena in materials science, chemistry, and nanoscience. This anthology is an account of the collected works that have emerged over the past decade from Caltech. Through recent publications, the volume provides overviews of the principles, the electron-based techniques, and the applications made. Thanks to advances in imaging principles and technology, it is now possible with 4D electron microscopy to reach ten orders of magnitude improvement in time resolution while simultaneously conserving the atomic spatial resolution in visualization. This is certainly a long way from Robert Hooke's microscopy, which was recorded in his 1665 masterpiece Micrographia.

Light and light based technologies have played an important role in transforming our lives via scientific contributions spanned over thousands of years. In this book we present a vast collection of articles on various aspects of light and its applications in the contemporary world at a popular or semi-popular level. These articles are written by the world authorities in their respective fields. This is therefore a rare volume where the world experts have come together to present the developments in this most important field of science in an almost pedagogical manner. This volume covers five aspects related to light. The first presents two articles, one on the history of the nature of light, and the other on the scientific achievements of Ibn-Haitham (Alhazen), who is broadly considered the father of modern optics. These are then followed by an article on ultrafast phenomena and the invisible world. The third part includes papers on specific sources of light, the discoveries of which have revolutionized optical technologies in our lifetime. They discuss the nature and the characteristics of lasers, Solid-state lighting based on the Light Emitting Diode (LED) technology, and finally modern electron optics and its relationship to the Muslim golden age in science. The book’s fourth part discusses various applications of optics and light in today's world, including biophotonics, art, optical communication, nanotechnology, the eye as an optical instrument, remote sensing, and optics in medicine. In turn, the last part focuses on quantum optics, a modern field that grew out of the interaction of light and matter. Topics addressed include atom optics, slow, stored and stationary light, optical tests of the foundation of physics, quantum mechanical properties of light fields carrying orbital angular momentum, quantum communication, and Wave-Particle dualism in action.

John Meurig Thomas is a former Director of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, a former head of the Department of Physical Chemistry and former Master of Peterhouse, University of Cambridge. A world-renowned solid-state, materials and surface chemist, he has been an educator, researcher, academic administrator, author of university texts, government advisor, industrial consultant and trustee of national museums in a career spanning over 50 years. Recipient of many international awards, including the Linus Pauling, Willard–Gibbs, Kapitza, Natta, Stokes, Davy and Faraday medals, he is also a fellow of the Royal Society (1977), of the American Philosophical Society (1993) and of ten other national academies. He is best known for his fundamental work in heterogeneous catalysis, chemical electron microscopy and in the popularisation of science, for which, in conjunction with his services to chemistry, he was knighted (1991). He is also founding editor of three scientific journals and editor or co-editor of some 30 monographs. A new mineral, meurigite, was named in his honour (1995). Most recently in 2016, Sir John was awarded the Royal Medal for Physical Sciences by the Royal Society. Drawn from over 1200 publications, this volume contains a summarised account of Sir John's work, with a selection of the new techniques pioneered and discovered by him and his colleagues. Also included are popular science articles, and various illustrations of techniques which have enhanced our knowledge of many facets of condensed matter science. Contributions from 80 peers, colleagues, former co-workers, students and friends worldwide who have interacted with or been influenced by him are a tribute to the professional and personal life of Sir John, making this book a unique reflective summary of the work of one of the greatest achievers in modern British physical science.

In this unique illustrated book, PhD students, postdoctoral researchers, senior visiting scholars, and staff describe their personal experiences in working with the late Prof. Ahmed H. Zewail at Caltech. Their reminiscences provide snapshots of their rich interactions, reflecting the great scientific achievements, as well as the human and humorous sides of Ahmed H. Zewail.The contributors tell us their stories covering a period of forty years, beginning from the time of Zewail's arrival at Caltech in 1976. Some of them cover the time when Zewail was starting his pioneering work on femtochemistry at the end of 80's, while others relate events long after he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1999) and had embarked on a new career in ultrafast electron imaging. The aims and scope of this book is to provide both scientists and non-scientists descriptions of the experiences of scientists in the early or mature stages of their careers when interacting with one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century, from developing the field of femtochemistry to pioneering ultrafast electron diffraction and imaging technology. The personal dimension of Zewail's leadership is reflected in all the contributions, and highlighted by special tributes from two of his children.The scientific and anecdotal stories recounted in the book give a rare view of experiences in shaping science. The reader will get firsthand accounts of how a Nobel Prize winner interacted daily with his co-workers to develop the laser-based science and technology for which he was internationally recognized. The recounted experiences may serve as a basis for scientists developing their own research, tutoring students, and supervising postdoctoral researchers.

Greatness has an undeniable dark side; something that many people seem to neglect. You may see celebrities AFTER they are successful and admire their 'perfect' lives, philosophy and decisions - but have you ever considered what kind of steps they REALLY took to achieve their fame? This book is a `no holds barred' look at what it REALLY takes. It gives you the primary principles of how to adopt a good mindset, work efficiently, establish a sense of discipline and more! In addition, you will also learn how to avoid the most common mistakes that can negatively impact your journey. 7 principles you need to learn to follow, and 7 mistakes you should know to avoid, they are the keys when trying to create successful and great future for yourself. And this book will help you to do just that! Greatness - The Dark Side - gives you clarity about all these aspects, critically evaluating over 70 biographies - using them to draw effective conclusions and solutions, which will help you take the right approaches to success, as well as aiding you in avoiding mistakes that others have made, so that you can achieve positive results the RIGHT way!

A book that enlightens the life of Ahmed H Zewail from his early childhood to his days at CalTech.Born in Damanhur, Egypt, Ahmed H Zewail grew up with his family, studied at a local primary school and eventually graduated from Alexandria University. After completing his schooling, he went on to teach chemistry to undergraduates at the University of Alexandria.His contributions are not only to science but also to society. As a pioneer scientist, he returned to Egypt and had his fingerprints on all the initiatives to encourage scientific research and to upgrade the scientific and technological capabilities of his countrymen. He founded the Zewail City for Science and Technology — a non-profit educational institution for research and innovation in Cairo.A Nobel Prize winner, inventor of the ground-breaking four dimensional microscopy, and together with his other accolades, Ahmed H Zewail is one of the greatest scientists this century has produced. His foresight for the development of both the scientific and cultural fields in Egypt has made him a brilliant jewel for Egypt and the world.

A to Z of Chemists, Updated Edition tells the stories of nearly 100 chemists—both well-known scientific greats of history and contemporary scientists whose work is just verging on greatness. Readers will find fascinating entries on people such as Gertrude Belle Elion, who developed drugs to cure diseases as diverse as leukemia, gout, herpes, malaria, and arthritis. From famous mainstream chemists to minority scientists often excluded from similar titles, A to Z of Chemists, Updated Edition spans all cultures, ethnicities, and eras. Designed for high school through early college students, this title in the Notable Scientists series is also an ideal resource for all readers interested in chemistry. Articulated in everyday language, even the most complex concepts are accessible. While the majority of the scientists in this work are, first and foremost, chemists, there is a handful of physicists, biologists, and other scientists who made significant contributions to chemistry. People covered include: Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811–1899) Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) George Washington Carver (1864–1943) St. Elmo Brady (1884–1966) Karl Ziegler (1898–1973) Percy Lavon Julian (1899–1975) Linus Carl Pauling (1901–1994) Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994) Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979) Sir George Porter (1920–2002) Sir Aaron Klug (1926–2018) Jean-Pierre Sauvage (1944–present) Aziz Sancar (1946–present) Ahmed Zewail (1946–2016) Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (1952–present)