A Compendium Of Machine Learning Symbolic Machine Learning

Machine learning is a relatively new branch of artificial intelligence. The field has undergone a significant period of growth in the 1990s, with many new areas of research and development being explored.

If only it were possible to develop automated and trainable neural systems that could justify their behavior in a way that could be interpreted by humans like a symbolic system. The field of Neurosymbolic AI aims to combine two disparate approaches to AI; symbolic reasoning and neural or connectionist approaches such as Deep Learning. The quest to unite these two types of AI has led to the development of many innovative techniques which extend the boundaries of both disciplines. This book, Compendium of Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence, presents 30 invited papers which explore various approaches to defining and developing a successful system to combine these two methods. Each strategy has clear advantages and disadvantages, with the aim of most being to find some useful middle ground between the rigid transparency of symbolic systems and the more flexible yet highly opaque neural applications. The papers are organized by theme, with the first four being overviews or surveys of the field. These are followed by papers covering neurosymbolic reasoning; neurosymbolic architectures; various aspects of Deep Learning; and finally two chapters on natural language processing. All papers were reviewed internally before publication. The book is intended to follow and extend the work of the previous book, Neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence: The state of the art (IOS Press; 2021) which laid out the breadth of the field at that time. Neurosymbolic AI is a young field which is still being actively defined and explored, and this book will be of interest to those working in AI research and development.

Artificial Intelligence is concerned with producing devices that help or replace human beings in their daily activities. Neural-symbolic learning systems play a central role in this task by combining, and trying to benefit from, the advantages of both the neural and symbolic paradigms of artificial intelligence. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the field of neural-symbolic learning systems, and an invaluable overview of the latest research issues in this area. It is divided into three sections, covering the main topics of neural-symbolic integration - theoretical advances in knowledge representation and learning, knowledge extraction from trained neural networks, and inconsistency handling in neural-symbolic systems. Each section provides a balance of theory and practice, giving the results of applications using real-world problems in areas such as DNA sequence analysis, power systems fault diagnosis, and software requirements specifications. Neural-Symbolic Learning Systems will be invaluable reading for researchers and graduate students in Engineering, Computing Science, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Neurocomputing. It will also be of interest to Intelligent Systems practitioners and anyone interested in applications of hybrid artificial intelligence systems.

This book provides comprehensive coverage on a new direction in computational mathematics research: automatic search for formulas. Formulas must be sought in all areas of science and life: these are the laws of the universe, the macro and micro world, fundamental physics, engineering, weather and natural disasters forecasting; the search for new laws in economics, politics, sociology. Accumulating many years of experience in the development and application of numerical methods of symbolic regression to solving control problems, the authors offer new possibilities not only in the field of control automation, but also in the design of completely different optimal structures in many fields. For specialists in the field of control, Machine Learning Control by Symbolic Regression opens up a new promising direction of research and acquaints scientists with the methods of automatic construction of control systems.For specialists in the field of machine learning, the book opens up a new, much broader direction than neural networks: methods of symbolic regression. This book makes it easy to master this new area in machine learning and apply this approach everywhere neural networks are used. For mathematicians, the book opens up a new approach to the construction of numerical methods for obtaining analytical solutions to unsolvable problems; for example, numerical analytical solutions of algebraic equations, differential equations, non-trivial integrals, etc. For specialists in the field of artificial intelligence, the book offers a machine way to solve problems, framed in the form of analytical relationships.

This book provides a broad overview of the key results and frameworks for various NSAO tasks as well as discussing important application areas. This book also covers neuro symbolic reasoning frameworks such as LNN, LTN, and NeurASP and learning frameworks. This would include differential inductive logic programming, constraint learning and deep symbolic policy learning. Additionally, application areas such a visual question answering and natural language processing are discussed as well as topics such as verification of neural networks and symbol grounding. Detailed algorithmic descriptions, example logic programs, and an online supplement that includes instructional videos and slides provide thorough but concise coverage of this important area of AI. Neuro symbolic artificial intelligence (NSAI) encompasses the combination of deep neural networks with symbolic logic for reasoning and learning tasks. NSAI frameworks are now capable of embedding prior knowledge in deep learning architectures, guiding the learning process with logical constraints, providing symbolic explainability, and using gradient-based approaches to learn logical statements. Several approaches are seeing usage in various application areas. This book is designed for researchers and advanced-level students trying to understand the current landscape of NSAI research as well as those looking to apply NSAI research in areas such as natural language processing and visual question answering. Practitioners who specialize in employing machine learning and AI systems for operational use will find this book useful as well.

The ability to learn is one of the most fundamental attributes of intelligent behavior. Consequently, progress in the theory and computer modeling of learn ing processes is of great significance to fields concerned with understanding in telligence. Such fields include cognitive science, artificial intelligence, infor mation science, pattern recognition, psychology, education, epistemology, philosophy, and related disciplines. The recent observance of the silver anniversary of artificial intelligence has been heralded by a surge of interest in machine learning-both in building models of human learning and in understanding how machines might be endowed with the ability to learn. This renewed interest has spawned many new research projects and resulted in an increase in related scientific activities. In the summer of 1980, the First Machine Learning Workshop was held at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh. In the same year, three consecutive issues of the Inter national Journal of Policy Analysis and Information Systems were specially devoted to machine learning (No. 2, 3 and 4, 1980). In the spring of 1981, a special issue of the SIGART Newsletter No. 76 reviewed current research projects in the field. . This book contains tutorial overviews and research papers representative of contemporary trends in the area of machine learning as viewed from an artificial intelligence perspective. As the first available text on this subject, it is intended to fulfill several needs.

In recent years machine learning has made its way from artificial intelligence into areas of administration, commerce, and industry. Data mining is perhaps the most widely known demonstration of this migration, complemented by less publicized applications of machine learning like adaptive systems in industry, financial prediction, medical diagnosis and the construction of user profiles for Web browsers. This book presents the capabilities of machine learning methods and ideas on how these methods could be used to solve real-world problems. The first ten chapters assess the current state of the art of machine learning, from symbolic concept learning and conceptual clustering to case-based reasoning, neural networks, and genetic algorithms. The second part introduces the reader to innovative applications of ML techniques in fields such as data mining, knowledge discovery, human language technology, user modeling, data analysis, discovery science, agent technology, finance, etc.

This book is written both for readers entering the field, and for practitioners with a background in AI and an interest in developing real-world applications. The book is a great resource for practitioners and researchers in both industry and academia, and the discussed case studies and associated material can serve as inspiration for a variety of projects and hands-on assignments in a classroom setting. I will certainly keep this book as a personal resource for the courses I teach, and strongly recommend it to my students. --Dr. Carlotta Domeniconi, Associate Professor, Computer Science Department, GMU This book offers a curriculum for introducing interpretability to machine learning at every stage. The authors provide compelling examples that a core teaching practice like leading interpretive discussions can be taught and learned by teachers and sustained effort. And what better way to strengthen the quality of AI and Machine learning outcomes. I hope that this book will become a primer for teachers, data Science educators, and ML developers, and together we practice the art of interpretive machine learning. --Anusha Dandapani, Chief Data and Analytics Officer, UNICC and Adjunct Faculty, NYU This is a wonderful book! I’m pleased that the next generation of scientists will finally be able to learn this important topic. This is the first book I’ve seen that has up-to-date and well-rounded coverage. Thank you to the authors! --Dr. Cynthia Rudin, Professor of Computer Science, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Statistical Science, and Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Literature on Explainable AI has up until now been relatively scarce and featured mainly mainstream algorithms like SHAP and LIME. This book has closed this gap by providing an extremely broad review of various algorithms proposed in the scientific circles over the previous 5-10 years. This book is a great guide to anyone who is new to the field of XAI or is already familiar with the field and is willing to expand their knowledge. A comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art Explainable AI methods starting from visualization, interpretable methods, local and global explanations, time series methods, and finishing with deep learning provides an unparalleled source of information currently unavailable anywhere else. Additionally, notebooks with vivid examples are a great supplement that makes the book even more attractive for practitioners of any level. Overall, the authors provide readers with an enormous breadth of coverage without losing sight of practical aspects, which makes this book truly unique and a great addition to the library of any data scientist. Dr. Andrey Sharapov, Product Data Scientist, Explainable AI Expert and Speaker, Founder of Explainable AI-XAI Group