A Comprehensive Study Of Co2 Enhanced Oil Recovery In The Langgak Field

This book is based on the laboratory and field research on Langgak Field, operated by SPR Langgak as one of Province-Owned Oil Company. This book is written to be a guideline and to add knowledge related to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) activity, particularly CO2 Injection. The authors are aware that the information about EOR activity in Indonesia is still limited, so with the presence of this book, we hope it can be made as a reference, not only for students but also for engineers and other researchers who would like to carry out or perform EOR project using CO2 Injection. The authors realize that there are some flaws in the completion of this book. Nonetheless, the authors believe this book will serve as a foundation for other CO2 EOR projects in Indonesia and improve the readers' understanding of CO2 Injection activity. Special thanks are given to the Director of PT. SPR Langgak, Mr Ikin Faizal, who gave us excellent support in the making of this book.

This book addresses the feasibility of CO2-EOR and sequestration in a mature Indian oil field, pursuing for the first time a cross-disciplinary approach that combines the results from reservoir modeling and flow simulation, rock physics modeling, geomechanics, and time-lapse (4D) seismic monitoring study. The key findings presented indicate that the field under study holds great potential for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and subsequent CO2 storage. Experts around the globe argue that storing CO2 by means of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) could support climate change mitigation by reducing the amount of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere by ca. 20%. CO2-EOR and sequestration is a cutting-edge and emerging field of research in India, and there is an urgent need to assess Indian hydrocarbon reservoirs for the feasibility of CO2-EOR and storage. Combining the fundamentals of the technique with concrete examples, the book is essential reading for all researchers, students and oil & gas professionals who want to fully understand CO2-EOR and its geologic sequestration process in mature oil fields.

Based on the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) survey in Oil and Gas Journal (2010), approximately 280,000bbl of oil per day or 6% of US crude oil production was produced by carbon dioxide (CO2) EOR. Just like any other gas injection processes, field CO2 flooding projects suffer from poor sweep efficiency due to early gas breakthrough, unfavorable mobility ratio, reservoir heterogeneity, viscous fingering and channeling, and gravity segregation. Many of these problems are believed to be alleviated or overcome by foaming the injected CO2. Since the 1970s, CO2-foam flooding has been used as a commercially viable method for EOR processes. Foams, defined as a mixture of internal gas phase in a continuous external liquid phase containing surfactant molecules, can improve sweep efficiency significantly by reducing gas mobility, especially in the reservoirs with a high level of geological heterogeneity. This chapter consists of three main parts: the first part (Section 2.1) deals with fundamentals on foams in porous media and recent advances in this field of research, including three foam states (weak-foam, strong-foam, and intermediate states) and two steady-state flow regimes of strong foams; the second part (Section 2.2) overviews field examples of foam-assisted CO2-EOR processes; and the third part (Section 2.3) covers typical field injection and production responses if CO2-foam pilot or field-scale treatments are successful.

This timely book explores the lessons learned in and potentials of injecting supercritical CO2 into depleted oil and gas reservoirs, in order to maximize both hydrocarbon recovery and the storage capacities of injected CO2. The author provides a detailed discussion of key engineering parameters of simultaneous CO2 enhanced oil recovery and CO2 storage in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs. These include candidate site selection, CO2 oil miscibility, maximizing CO2-storage capacity in enhanced oil recovery operations, well configurations, and cap and reservoir rock integrity. The book will help practicing professionals devise strategies to curb greenhouse gas emissions from the use of fossil fuels for energy production via geologic CO2 storage, while developing CO2 injection as an economically viable and environmentally sensible business model for hydrocarbon exploration and production in a low carbon economy.

Oil recovery efficiency can be increased by applying the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes, which are based on the improvement of mobility ratio, reduction of interfacial tension between oil and water, wettability alteration, reduction of oil viscosity, formation of oil banks, and so forth. This book describes the different EOR methods and their mechanisms, which are traditionally used after conventional primary and secondary processes. The present scenario of different EOR processes, at both the field application stage and research stage, is also covered. Further, it discusses some of the recent advances in EOR processes such as low-salinity water flooding, the application of nanotechnology in EOR, microbial EOR, carbonated water injection, etc. Features: Comprehensive coverage of all enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods Discussion of reservoir rock and fluid characteristics Illustration of steps in design and field implementation as well as the screening criteria for process selection Coverage of novel topics of nanotechnology in EOR and hybrid EOR method and low-salinity waterfloods Emphasis on recent technologies, feasibility, and implementation of hybrid technologies This book is aimed at graduate students, professionals, researchers, chemists, and personnel involved in petroleum engineering, chemical engineering, surfactant manufacturing, polymer manufacturing, oil/gas service companies, and carbon capture and utilization.

In the past two decades, major oil companies and research organizations have conducted extensive theoretical and laboratory EOR (enhanced oil recovery) researches, to include validating pilot and field trials relevant to much needed domestic commercial application, while western countries had terminated such endeavours almost completely due to low oil prices. In recent years, oil demand has soared and now these operations have become more desirable. This book is about the recent developments in the area as well as the technology for enhancing oil recovery. The book provides important case studies related to over one hundred EOR pilot and field applications in a variety of oil fields. These case studies focus on practical problems, underlying theoretical and modelling methods, operational parameters (e.g., injected chemical concentration, slug sizes, flooding schemes and well spacing), solutions and sensitivity studies, and performance optimization strategies.-