Advances In X Ray Contrast

For all that new non-X-ray technologies such as MR and ultrasound and its various manifestations have made an enormous impact in recent years on the practice of medical imaging, the use of X-rays and X-ray contrast-enhancing agents has retained an important position at the heart of the process. Indeed, with its frequent requirements for high total dose regimes, CT has increased the use of contrast agents. Even helical/spiral CT which, it was initially argued, should reduce contrast as well as radiation loads, may actually require just as much or more of both because of the potential it offers for multi-phase scanning. Iodinated intravascular X-ray contrast agents, especially the more recently developed non-ionic agents, continue therefore to play a pivotal role in clinical imaging. These succinct and authoritative articles, originally appearing in the journal Advances in X-ray Contrast, range sufficiently widely for their compilation in this volume to be considered a mini-textbook on the water-soluble iodinated X-ray contrast agents and their applications. Each is written by an acknowledged and experienced expert in the field. They usefully cover the developmental history of the agents; defined risk factors, approaches to prophylaxis and, ultimately, of the treatment of adverse reactions; the interesting subject of supposed delayed reactions to contrast agents; the important organ-specific toxicities, cardiac toxicity, neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity and high-dose toxicity as encountered in complex procedures; the sometimes special circumstances and occasional extreme conditions to which contrast agents may be exposed in Interventional Radiology; the special, in several ways, case of paediatric radiology; the controversial subject of thromboembolic phenomena in clinical angiography; and the precise role of contrast agents. As regards the practicalities of contrast administration regimes and imaging protocols it is really only in the area of CT that there is debate and controversy, and articles are included which cover CT of the liver, spleen and pancreas, and protocols for the new spiral/helical technology and even for the much less widely available electron-beam CT technology visualization. Pulmonary embolus diagnosis and protocols for contrast administration with this technology are also discussed.

This open access book gives a complete and comprehensive introduction to the fields of medical imaging systems, as designed for a broad range of applications. The authors of the book first explain the foundations of system theory and image processing, before highlighting several modalities in a dedicated chapter. The initial focus is on modalities that are closely related to traditional camera systems such as endoscopy and microscopy. This is followed by more complex image formation processes: magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray projection imaging, computed tomography, X-ray phase-contrast imaging, nuclear imaging, ultrasound, and optical coherence tomography.

Digital Radiography has been ? rmly established in diagnostic radiology during the last decade. Because of the special requirements of high contrast and spatial resolution needed for roentgen mammography, it took some more time to develop digital m- mography as a routine radiological tool. Recent technological progress in detector and screen design as well as increased ex- rience with computer applications for image processing have now enabled Digital Mammography to become a mature modality that opens new perspectives for the diag- sis of breast diseases. The editors of this timely new volume Prof. Dr. U. Bick and Dr. F. Diekmann, both well-known international leaders in breast imaging, have for many years been very active in the frontiers of theoretical and translational clinical research, needed to bring digital mammography ? nally into the sphere of daily clinical radiology. I am very much indebted to the editors as well as to the other internationally rec- nized experts in the ? eld for their outstanding state of the art contributions to this v- ume. It is indeed an excellent handbook that covers in depth all aspects of Digital Mammography and thus further enriches our book series Medical Radiology. The highly informative text as well as the numerous well-chosen superb illustrations will enable certi? ed radiologists as well as radiologists in training to deepen their knowledge in modern breast imaging.

This cross-disciplinary book documents the key research challenges in the mathematical sciences and physics that could enable the economical development of novel biomedical imaging devices. It is hoped that the infusion of new insights from mathematical scientists and physicists will accelerate progress in imaging. Incorporating input from dozens of biomedical researchers who described what they perceived as key open problems of imaging that are amenable to attack by mathematical scientists and physicists, this book introduces the frontiers of biomedical imaging, especially the imaging of dynamic physiological functions, to the educated nonspecialist. Ten imaging modalities are covered, from the well-established (e.g., CAT scanning, MRI) to the more speculative (e.g., electrical and magnetic source imaging). For each modality, mathematics and physics research challenges are identified and a short list of suggested reading offered. Two additional chapters offer visions of the next generation of surgical and interventional techniques and of image processing. A final chapter provides an overview of mathematical issues that cut across the various modalities.

This second edition has been fully updated to provide radiologists with all the recent technological advances in diagnostic radiology. Divided into six sections, it covers all the key aspects of the imaging – ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, radiography and interventional radiography, and contrast media. The final section discusses miscellaneous topics including evidence based radiology, radiation protection, molecular imaging, planning a modern imaging department, and common drugs used. A separate chapter is dedicated to picture archiving and data management. This comprehensive new edition includes nearly 600 full colour radiological images and illustrations. Key points Fully updated, new edition presenting recent technological advances in diagnostic radiology Covers all key imaging techniques Includes nearly 600 radiological photographs and illustrations Previous edition published in 2007

This handbook is a comprehensive source of information on all aspects of non-destructive testing (NDT), for use by professionals, educators, and most of all, by the practitioners of testing. The art of NDT consists of dozens of methods, some classical, and some emerging. As the pace of industrial work and discovery intensifies and materials are utilized to their physical limits, the role of NDT becomes ever more important. As a result, the methods of testing are themselves evolving, and it is the intent of this book to capture this evolution. Handbook of Modern Non-Destructive Testing broadens the scope from traditional books on the subject. In addition to classical, emerging and exotic methods of evaluation, the book will also cover the use of NDT techniques in other fields, such as archaeology or resource exploration. With contributions from experts in all areas of the field, the reader will find balanced coverage of a variety of testing methods, with no bias against or endorsements of any particular method. The book treats many areas in depth, covering all aspects of testing, and will include case studies where appropriate. Additional coverage of statistical methods and their use, as well as simulations‘ role in testing and test design, are included.

Passenger screening at commercial airports in the United States has gone through significant changes since the events of September 11, 2001. In response to increased concern over terrorist attacks on aircrafts, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has deployed security systems of advanced imaging technology (AIT) to screen passengers at airports. To date (December 2014), TSA has deployed AITs in U.S. airports of two different technologies that use different types of radiation to detect threats: millimeter wave and X-ray backscatter AIT systems. X-ray backscatter AITs were deployed in U.S. airports in 2008 and subsequently removed from all airports by June 2013 due to privacy concerns. TSA is looking to deploy a second-generation X-ray backscatter AIT equipped with privacy software to eliminate production of an image of the person being screened in order to alleviate these concerns. This report reviews previous studies as well as current processes used by the Department of Homeland Security and equipment manufacturers to estimate radiation exposures resulting from backscatter X-ray advanced imaging technology system use in screening air travelers. Airport Passenger Screening Using Backscatter X-Ray Machines examines whether exposures comply with applicable health and safety standards for public and occupational exposures to ionizing radiation and whether system design, operating procedures, and maintenance procedures are appropriate to prevent over exposures of travelers and operators to ionizing radiation. This study aims to address concerns about exposure to radiation from X-ray backscatter AITs raised by Congress, individuals within the scientific community, and others.