Amendments To The Constitution Of The Republic Of Armenia

Constitutional Amendment in Canada is the first volume to focus solely on the implications of the amending formula in Canada.

This book investigates the economic, political and cultural factors that influence regional economic integration processes as well as international political cooperation in the area of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The authors analyze market integration manifested in interregional trade, investment and service connections. Taking a constructivist approach, they shed new light on how national, ethnic, religious and linguistic factors as well as systems of government, political regimes and models of leadership shape foreign-policy decision-making in various post-Soviet countries.

Can constitutional amendments be unconstitutional? The problem of 'unconstitutional constitutional amendments' has become one of the most widely debated issues in comparative constitutional theory, constitutional design, and constitutional adjudication. This book describes and analyses the increasing tendency in global constitutionalism to substantively limit formal changes to constitutions. The challenges of constitutional unamendability to constitutional theory become even more complex when constitutional courts enforce such limitations through substantive judicial review of amendments, often resulting in the declaration that these constitutional amendments are 'unconstitutional'. Combining historical comparisons, constitutional theory, and a wide comparative study, Yaniv Roznai sets out to explain what the nature of amendment power is, what its limitations are, and what the role of constitutional courts is and should be when enforcing limitations on constitutional amendments.

Just as the Portuguese settled in Goa, the Jews in Cochin and the Parsis in Bombay, the Armenians had rendered a special fragrance in Calcutta. Being the best of commercial minds, the Armenians came to India as merchants and prevailed on Eastern India’s commerce long before the British. Their commercial acumen won them great dividends in the Bengali trade, which they linked with the world trade network. They loved Bengal in their own way and made Calcutta their special home forever. The author has inked the five-century-old stories of the Armenians including the golden period of Indian foreign trade in the present work. Armenians had settled in different parts of India. Combined with boundless energy, they raised themselves to the stiff ladder of fame. They shined from the early Mughal period till the British periods as able administrators, clever diplomats, military commanders, skilled artisans, renowned poets, eminent lawyers, Judges, surgeons and merchants. Present work has scripted all these roles the Armenians adopted and touched every Indian heart. Maintaining social culture was an integral part of their life. Socially they remained closely knitted. Culturally they were strictly abided by Christianity. They always made their own beautiful Churches. Mortal remains of many great Armenian personalities lay buried in the Church graveyards of Saidabad, Chinsura, Chandannagore, Calcutta and many other places. Many of their monuments stand today as silent witnesses of the once vibrant commercial India, and many of their beautiful Churches stand forgotten today. The Forgotten Church – Remembering Armenians of Saidabad is centered on one such Church, which was built at Saidabad and has since been forgotten.

Innovation in public procurement is essential for sustainable and inclusive growth in an increasingly globalized economy. To achieve that potential, both the promises and the perils of innovation must be investigated, including the risks and opportunities of joint procurement across borders in the European Union and the United States. This in-depth research investigates innovation in public procurement from three different perspectives. First, leading academics and practitioners assess the purchase of innovation, with a particular focus on urban public contracting in smart cities involving meta-infrastructures, public-private partnership arrangements and smart contracts. A second line of inquiry looks for ways to encourage innovative suppliers. Here, the collected authors draw on emerging lessons from the US and Europe, to explore both the costs and the benefits of spurring innovation through procurement. A third perspective looks to various innovations in the procurement process itself, with a focus on the effects of joint and cross-border procurement in the EU and US landscapes. The chapters review new technologies and platforms, the increasingly automated means of selecting suppliers, and the related efficiencies that “big data” can bring to public procurement. Expanding on research in the editors’ prior volume, Integrity and Efficiency in Sustainable Public Contracts: Balancing Corruption Concerns in Public Procurement Internationally (Bruylant 2014), this volume builds on a series of academic conferences and exchanges to address these issues from sophisticated academic, institutional and practical perspectives, and to point the way to future research on the contractual models that are emerging from new procurement technologies.

This innovative book blends constitutional theory with real-life political practice to explore the impact of codifying constitutional amendments on the operation of the constitution in relation to democracy, the rule of law, and the separation of powers. It draws from comparative, historical, political and theoretical perspectives to answer questions all constitutional designers should ask themselves: - Should the constitution append amendments sequentially to the end of the text? - Should it embed amendments directly into the existing text, with notations about what has been modified and how? - Should it instead insert amendments into the text without indicating at all that any alteration has occurred? The book examines the 3 major models of amendment codification – the appendative, the integrative, and the invisible models – and also shows how some jurisdictions have innovated alternative forms of amendment codification that combine elements of more than 1 model in a unique hybridisation driven by history, law, and politics. Constitutional designers rarely consider where in the constitution to codify amendments once they are ratified. Yet this choice is pivotal to the operation of any constitution. This groundbreaking book shows why the placement of constitutional amendments goes well beyond mere aesthetics. It influences how and whether a people remembers its past, how the constitutional text will be interpreted and by whom, and whether the constitution will be easily accessible to the governed. A global tour of the high stakes of constitution-making, this book features 18 diverse and outstanding scholars from around the world – across Africa, America, Asia and Oceania, and Europe – raising new questions, opening our eyes to new streams of research, and uncovering new possibilities for constitutional design.