Anti Smuggling Act

This volume is devoted to the dark side of human mobility, that is migrant smuggling, and, linked with it, human trafficking. Both subjects will be mainly treated from an Italian perspective; however, due to their having a generally transnational character, the analysis will necessarily require that international and supranational actions/measures also be taken into account. Moreover, the legal perspective will be supplemented by the phenomenological/criminological one, through which the authors try to provide the work with a realistic dimension aimed at grasping the practical aspects of both migrant smuggling and human trafficking emerging from the different ways in which such crimes are de facto committed.

The United States bans imports of certain agricultural and wildlife goods that can carry pathogens or diseases or whose harvest can threaten wildlife stocks or endanger species. Despite these bans, contraband is regularly uncovered in inspections of cargo containers and in domestic markets. This study characterizes the economic factors affecting agricultural and wildlife smuggling by drawing on inspection and interdiction data from USDA and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and existing economic literature. Findings reveal that agricultural and wildlife smuggling primarily include luxury goods, ethnic foods, and specialty goods, such as traditional medicines. Incidents of detected smuggling are disproportionately higher for agricultural goods originating in China and for wildlife goods originating in Mexico. Fragmentary data show that approximately 1 percent of all commercial wildlife shipments to the United States and 0.40 percent of all U.S. wildlife imports by value are refused entry and suspected of being smuggled.

This report provides an overview of Government views and policies on international migration for 196 countries, including all 193 Member States, and three non-member States of the United Nations. The report describes Government views and policy intentions related to immigration and emigration, and how these have evolved over time with changing international migration patterns.

Migration is one of the great driving forces of human progress and development. The movement of people around the globe has contributed many stories to the shared history of humanity. People have moved all over the world for a variety of reasons: for example, to increase their economic opportunities, to provide their children with an education, to found a family, to embark on an adventure or to seek protection. In turn, migration has led to the proliferation of languages, cultures, cuisines and ideas throughout the world. Global migration today is one of the great by-products of globalization, and yet the exploitation of it by profit-seeking criminals represents a darker side of the phenomenon.