Ap Biology For Dummies

Relax. The fact that you’re even considering taking the AP Biology exam means you’re smart, hard-working and ambitious. All you need is to get up to speed on the exam’s topics and themes and take a couple of practice tests to get comfortable with its question formats and time limits. That’s where AP Biology For Dummies comes in. This user-friendly and completely reliable guide helps you get the most out of any AP biology class and reviews all of the topics emphasized on the test. It also provides two full-length practice exams, complete with detailed answer explanations and scoring guides. This powerful prep guide helps you practice and perfect all of the skills you need to get your best possible score. And, as a special bonus, you’ll also get a handy primer to help you prepare for the test-taking experience. Discover how to: Figure out what the questions are actually asking Get a firm grip on all exam topics, from molecules and cells to ecology and genetics Boost your knowledge of organisms and populations Become equally comfortable with large concepts and nitty-gritty details Maximize your score on multiple choice questions Craft clever responses to free-essay questions Identify your strengths and weaknesses Use practice tests to adjust you exam-taking strategy Supplemented with handy lists of test-taking tips, must-know terminology, and more, AP Biology For Dummies helps you make exam day a very good day, indeed.

From genetics to ecology — the easy way to score higher in biology Are you a student baffled by biology? You're not alone. With the help of Biology Workbook For Dummies you'll quickly and painlessly get a grip on complex biology concepts and unlock the mysteries of this fascinating and ever-evolving field of study. Whether used as a complement to Biology For Dummies or on its own, Biology Workbook For Dummies aids you in grasping the fundamental aspects of Biology. In plain English, it helps you understand the concepts you'll come across in your biology class, such as physiology, ecology, evolution, genetics, cell biology, and more. Throughout the book, you get plenty of practice exercises to reinforce learning and help you on your goal of scoring higher in biology. Grasp the fundamental concepts of biology Step-by-step answer sets clearly identify where you went wrong (or right) with a problem Hundreds of study questions and exercises give you the skills and confidence to ace your biology course If you're intimidated by biology, utilize the friendly, hands-on information and activities in Biology Workbook For Dummies to build your skills in and out of the science lab.

An updated edition of the ultimate guide to understanding biology Ever wondered how the food you eat becomes the energy your body needs to keep going? The theory of evolution says that humans and chimps descended from a common ancestor, but does it tell us how and why? We humans are insatiably curious creatures who can't help wondering how things work — starting with our own bodies. Wouldn't it be great to have a single source of quick answers to all our questions about how living things work? Now there is. From molecules to animals, cells to ecosystems, Biology For Dummies, 2nd Edition answers all your questions about how living things work. Written in plain English and packed with dozens of illustrations, quick-reference Cheat Sheets, and helpful tables and diagrams, it cuts right to the chase with fast-paced, easy-to-absorb explanations of the life processes common to all organisms. More than 20% new and updated content, including a substantial overhaul to the organization of topics to make it a friendly classroom supplement Coverage of the most recent developments and discoveries in evolutionary, reproductive, and ecological biology Includes practical, up-to-date examples Whether you're currently enrolled in a biology class or just want to know more about this fascinating and ever-evolving field of study, this engaging guide will give you a grip on complex biology concepts and unlock the mysteries of how life works in no time.

The ultimate guide to understanding biology Have you ever wondered how the food you eat becomes the energy your body needs to keep going? The theory of evolution says that humans and chimps descended from a common ancestor, but does it tell us how and why? We humans are insatiably curious creatures who can't help wondering how things work—starting with our own bodies. Wouldn't it be great to have a single source of quick answers to all our questions about how living things work? Now there is. From molecules to animals, cells to ecosystems, Biology For Dummies answers all your questions about how living things work. Written in plain English and packed with dozens of enlightening illustrations, this reference guide covers the most recent developments and discoveries in evolutionary, reproductive, and ecological biology. It's also complemented with lots of practical, up-to-date examples to bring the information to life. Discover how living things work Think like a biologist and use scientific methods Understand lifecycle processes Whether you're enrolled in a biology class or just want to know more about this fascinating and ever-evolving field of study, Biology For Dummies will help you unlock the mysteries of how life works.

Barron’s AP Biology is one of the most popular test preparation guides around and a “must-have” manual for success on the Biology AP Test. In this updated book, test takers will find: Two full-length exams that follow the content and style of the new AP exam All test questions answered and explained An extensive review covering all AP test topics Hundreds of additional multiple-choice and free-response practice questions with answer explanations This manual can be purchased alone, or with an optional CD-ROM that includes two additional practice tests with answers and automatic scoring

From genetics to ecology — the easy way to score higher in biology Are you a student baffled by biology? You're not alone. With the help of Biology Workbook For Dummies you'll quickly and painlessly get a grip on complex biology concepts and unlock the mysteries of this fascinating and ever-evolving field of study. Whether used as a complement to Biology For Dummies or on its own, Biology Workbook For Dummies aids you in grasping the fundamental aspects of Biology. In plain English, it helps you understand the concepts you'll come across in your biology class, such as physiology, ecology, evolution, genetics, cell biology, and more. Throughout the book, you get plenty of practice exercises to reinforce learning and help you on your goal of scoring higher in biology. Grasp the fundamental concepts of biology Step-by-step answer sets clearly identify where you went wrong (or right) with a problem Hundreds of study questions and exercises give you the skills and confidence to ace your biology course If you're intimidated by biology, utilize the friendly, hands-on information and activities in Biology Workbook For Dummies to build your skills in and out of the science lab.

Provides a review of key concepts and terms, advice on test-taking strategies, sample questions, and two full-length practice exams.

Embark on a journey of biological discovery with "AP BIOLOGY Masterclass," your ultimate guide to conquering the Advanced Placement (AP) Biology exam. This comprehensive Multiple-Choice Question (MCQ) book is meticulously designed for students, educators, and biology enthusiasts, providing a thorough exploration of key concepts, diverse topics, and expert strategies to ensure your success on exam day. ?? Key Features: Extensive MCQ Bank: Immerse yourself in a vast collection of MCQs covering the entire AP Biology curriculum. From cellular processes to evolutionary biology, our extensive question bank ensures comprehensive coverage, enabling you to tackle any question that may appear on the exam. Thematic Organization: Navigate through the intricacies of biology with a thematic approach that aligns with the AP curriculum. Each chapter focuses on a specific theme, facilitating a deeper understanding of interconnected biological concepts and their real-world applications. 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Keywords: AP Biology, Biology Exam Prep, Biology MCQs, Exam Excellence, Thematic Organization, Visual Learning Aids, Practice Tests, Test-Taking Tips, Digital Learning, Google Play Bookstore. Prepare for success in the AP Biology exam with "AP BIOLOGY Masterclass." Download your digital copy today and embark on a journey of comprehensive learning, strategic exam preparation, and mastery in the captivating world of biology. 1 Biochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1 Atomic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3 Polar and Nonpolar Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4 Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.5 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 1.6 Isomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 1.7 Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 1.8 Enzymes and Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 2 The Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 2.1 Cell Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 2.2 Structure and Function of the Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 2.3 Transport Into and Out of the Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 2.4 Cell Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 3 Cell Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 3.1 ATP‹Adenosine Triphosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 3.2 Glycolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 3.3 Anaerobic Respiration‹Fermentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 3.4 Aerobic Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 3.5 The Krebs Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 3.6 Structure of the Mitochondrion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 3.7 Oxidative Phosphorylation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 3.8 Chemiosmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 4 Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 4.1 Photosynthetic Pigments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 4.2 The Chloroplast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 4.3 Photosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 4.4 Light-Dependent Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 4.5 The Calvin Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 4.6 Photorespiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 4.7 C-4 Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 4.8 CAM Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608 5 Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 5.1 The Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 5.2 Cell Division and Cancerous Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 5.3 Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 5.4 Meiosis and Genetic Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863 6 Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885 6.1 Basics of Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885 6.2 Law of Dominance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921 6.3 Law of Segregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926 6.4 Monohybrid Cross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928 6.5 Backcross or Testcross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965 6.6 Law of Independent Assortment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970 6.7 Incomplete Dominance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971 6.8 Codominance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990 6.9 Multiple Alleles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998 6.10 Gene Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010 6.11 Sex-Infl uenced Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011 6.12 Linked Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015 6.13 Sex-linkage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024 6.14 Crossover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036 6.15 Linkage Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039 6.16 The Pedigree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040 6.17 Mutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051 6.18 Nondisjunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101 7 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107 7.1 The Search for Inheritable Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107 7.2 Structure of Nucleic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1110 7.3 DNA Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1146 7.4 DNA Makes RNA Makes Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205 7.5 Gene Mutation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1354 7.6 The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1384 7.7 Viruses and Prions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1399 7.8 Transposons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1404 7.9 The Human Genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1407 7.10 Recombinant DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1422 7.11 Cloning Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1444 7.12 Tools and Techniques of Recombinant DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1454 8 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1457 8.1 The Three-Domain Classification System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1457 8.2 Evolutionary Trends in Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1459 8.3 Nine Common Animal Phyla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1460 8.4 Characteristics of Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1479 8.5 Characteristics of Primates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1480 9 Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1487 9.1 Evidence for Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1487 9.2 Historical Context for Evolutionary Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1525 9.3 Darwin?s Theory of Natural Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1535 9.4 Types of Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1562 9.5 Sources of Variation in a Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1565 9.6 Evolution of a Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1583 9.7 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1622 9.8 Patterns of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1640 9.9 Modern Theory of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1664 9.10 The Origin of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1676 10 Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1711 10.1 Classification of Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1711 10.2 Bryophytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1770 10.3 Tracheophytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1784 10.4 Pteridophytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1785 10.5 Plant Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1789 10.6 Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1830 10.7 Stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1851 10.8 The Leaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1859 10.9 Transport in Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1881 10.10 Plant Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1935 10.11 Alternation of Generations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 10.12 Plant Responses to Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 11 Animal Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 11.1 Digestion in Different Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 11.2 Digestion in Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 11.3 Gas Exchange in Different Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2048 11.4 Gas Exchange in Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2053 11.5 Circulation in Different Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2063 11.6 Human Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2065 11.7 Chemical Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2101 11.8 Osmoregulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2105 11.9 Excretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2121 11.10 Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2165 11.11 Muscle animal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2195 12 The Human Immune System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2199 12.1 Defense Mechanis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2199 12.2 Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2207 12.3 Types of Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2208 12.4 Immune Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2209 12.5 Blood Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2224 12.6 Transfusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2234 12.7 AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2247 13 Animal Reproduction and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2265 13.1 Asexual Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2265 13.2 Sexual Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2305 13.3 Embryonic Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2331 14 Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2339 14.1 Properties of Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2339 14.2 Energy Flow and Primary Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2343 14.3 Energy Flow and the Food Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2379 14.4 Ecological Succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2432 14.5 Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2463 14.6 Chemical Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2552 14.7 Humans and the Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2602 15 Animal Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2623 15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2623 15.2 Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2709 15.3 Social Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2714 16 Laboratory Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2735 16.1 Diffusion and Osmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2735 16.2 Enzyme Catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2767 16.3 Mitosis and Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2768 16.4 Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2821 16.5 Cell Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2823 16.6 Molecular Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2892 16.7 Transpiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2963 16.8 Physiology of the Circulatory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2996