Artemisia Annua

Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone originally extracted from the medicinal plant Artemisia annua L., is an effective antimalarial agent, particularly for multi-drug resistant and cerebral malaria. However, the concentration of artemisinin in the plant is very low. Because the chemical synthesis of artemisinin is complicated and not economically feasible in view of the poor yield of the drug, the intact plant remains the only viable source of artemisinin production. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the concentration of artemisinin in A. annua to reduce the cost of artemisinin based antimalarial drugs. Plant scientists have focused their efforts on A. annua for a higher artemisinin crop yield. With the present volume, we are bringing together the research which is being done on this plant throughout the world and future possibilities for scientists and researchers who want to work on it.

Artemisia annua is a well-known medicinal plant that has been utilized for a number of purposes, including malaria, for centuries. This is the first comprehensive book to cover the importance of Artemisia annua in the global health crisis and in the treatment against diseases. A component and extract, artemisinin, is the source of other derivatives which are also suitable for pharmaceutical use. The present demand for artemisinin far outpaces its supply. Researchers are working globally towards improving artemisinin content in the plant by various means. Artemisia annua: Prospects, Applications and Therapeutic Uses highlights the different approaches, including ‘omics', that are being used in current research on this immensely important medicinal plant. Providing comprehensive coverage of the agricultural and pharmaceutical uses of this plant, Artemisia annua will be essential reading for botanists, plant scientists, herbalists, pharmacognosists, pharmacologists and natural product chemists.

A comprehensive overview of this genus, Artemisia examines all aspects of the herbs uses and applications, its mode of action and clinical importance. Following a comprehensive introduction to the genus, the book discusses the botanical, phytochemical and biological aspects of a number of important species of Artemisis. Considering that the discove

From Artemisia annua L. to Artemisinins: The Discovery and Development of Artemisinins and Antimalarial Agents is the first book that systematically introduces the origin and development of artemisinine and artemisinine-based drugs. It includes four distinct sections, including Artemisia annua L., Artemisinin, Dihydroartemisinin, and other artemisinin derivatives. Tu Youyou, the chief inventor of artemisinin, together with other members from the research team, have written a book that will be a valuable reference work for both researchers involved in the medical industry and scholars who are interested in undertaking innovative research. Presents a full view of artemisinin, not only its origin and development, but also chemical structure, chemical properties, extracting mode, derivatives, chromogenic reaction, general pharmacological, and toxicology. Provides many aspects of artemisinin-based drugs Incudes lots of experimental data, such as the X-ray crystallography result—the first application reported in China in determining the absolute molecular configuration utilizing the scattering effects of oxygen atoms by X-ray diffraction technique

Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone originally extracted from the medicinal plant Artemisia annua L., is an effective antimalarial agent, particularly for multi-drug resistant and cerebral malaria. However, the concentration of artemisinin in the plant is very low. Because the chemical synthesis of artemisinin is complicated and not economically feasible in view of the poor yield of the drug, the intact plant remains the only viable source of artemisinin production. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the concentration of artemisinin in A. annua to reduce the cost of artemisinin based antimalarial drugs. Plant scientists have focused their efforts on A. annua for a higher artemisinin crop yield. With the present volume, we are bringing together the research which is being done on this plant throughout the world and future possibilities for scientists and researchers who want to work on it.

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2008 in the subject Engineering - Chemical Engineering, grade: A, Bahir Dar University (Bahir Dar University Engineering Faculity), course: Chemical Engineering, language: English, abstract: Abstract Malaria disease is endemic in least developed countries like Ethiopia. The rapid development of drug-resistant malaria parasite strain leaves the need for new effective anti-malarial drugs. Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone found in the leaves and flowers of plants Artemisia annua L and have different chemical structures and higher efficacy than others. The content of artemisinin is very small and from 0.5 to 1.2 % of dry weight of plants in Ethiopia. Extraction of artemisinin from Artemisia annua is mainly performed using hydrocarbon extraction processes. Extraction with Supercritical CO2, ethanol, ionic liquids, hydroflourocarbon HFC-134a and hexane extraction are extraction technologies and compared majorly in terms of their extraction efficiency, cost and drawback to environment. Since artemisinin is only present in the epidermis of the leaves, leaves were only washed on the outside by stirring appeared to be the most appropriate method and the first step in this research was solvent extraction using hexane. Step followed purify by repeated crystallization. Laboratory scale production data and procedures were listed for aremisinin extraction process. By using those data large scale production method was designed. And did material and energy balance calculations for large scale production process carried out by taking scientific approach followed by feasibility study. As a result my extractor was very large and it has 14.37m3 capacities it wasn’t found in market. So I designed the required larger extractor that should fulfill the target of the project i.e. with simple, rapid, cost effective, environmental friendly and practical method for the isolation of artemisinin from Artemisia annua. The design the extractor I used the optimum ratio between solvent and leaves, optimum extraction time, optimum extraction temperature and optimum design of the stirrer paddles. In these thesis work extractor design, skirt design, bolt design, reinforcement calculations, preliminary equipment design (sizing), economic analysis calculations were included. In the profitability analysis Return on investment, payback period and net present worth calculated and the project was checked its feasibility. The payback period is 1.22yrs and it is economically acceptable that means this market is promising in Ethiopia in addition to save millions of Ethiopian and African from killer malaria. Key words: artemisinin, sesquiterpene lactone, hexane extraction

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