Atomic And Ionic Impact Phenomena On Metal Surfaces

The collisions of neutral or charged gaseous particles with solid surfaces govern many physical and chemical phenomena, as has been The gas/solid phenomena in turn depend on a recognized for a long time. great variety of processes such as the charge transfer of the gas/solid interface, adsorption and desorption, the energy transfer between an incident particle and the surface, etc. Our knowledge of these processes, however, is only fragmentary. This is partly due to the difficulty in adequately controlling the ex perimental conditions. Consequently, until recently the data were usually so complex that reliable information about a particular elementary process could not be deduced. Within the last five to ten years, however, the techniques of ultra-high vacuum and surface preparation have developed rapidly and there has been a booming and widespread interest in the role of gas/solid interactions in such diverse fields as plasma physics, thermonuclear reactions, thermionic energy conversion, ion propulsion, sputtering corrosion of the surface of satellites and ion engines, ion getter pumps, deposition of thin films, etc. This led to extensive investigations of numerous gas/solid phenomena, such as surface ionization, sputtering, emission of secondary electrons and ions from surfaces under atom and/or ion impact, ion neutralization, and the thermal accomodation of gaseous particles on surfaces. As a result, it has become possible to gather a variety of valuable information.

The members of the organising Committee and their colleagues have, for many years been investigating the evol ution of the fas'cinating surface features which develop during sputtering erosion of solids. Such experimental, theoretical and computational studies have also been carried out in many international laboratories and, as well as much cow~onality and agreement, substantial disagreements were unresolved. In view of the increasing importance of such processes in technological applications such as microlitho graphic etching for the patterning of solid state devices and in fusion technology it was felt opportune to hold a meeting in this area. Furthermore the use of energetic atomic and ion fluxes is also becoming of increasing importance in assisting or modifying the growth of thin films in a number of important industrial processes and it was therefore rational to combine the, study of both erosional and growth processes in a single meeting. These proceedings include 16 invited review and 15 oral or poster presented contributions to the NATO Advanced Study Institute on the "Erosion and Growth of Solids Stimulated by Atom and Ion Beams". The review contributions span the range from the fundamental concepts of ballistic sputtering, and how this influences surface morphology evolution, through processes involving entrapment of incident species to mechanisms involved in'the use of chemically reactive ion species. Further reviews outline the influence of energetic irradiation upon surface growth by atomic deposition whilst others discuss technologkal applications of both areas of growth and erosion.

During recent years, people involved in developing new metals and materials for use in some of the rather extreme conditions of stress, temperature, and environment have relied heavily on the microstructural condition of their materials. In fact, many of the newer materials, such as dispersion-strengthened alloys, have been designed almost entirely by first determining the microstruc ture desired and then finding the right combination of composition, heat treatment, and mechanical working that will result in the de sired microstructure. Furthermore, the extremely high reliability required of materials used today, for example, in aerospace and nuclear energy systems, requires close control on the microstruc tural conditions of materials. This is clearly evident from even a cursory examination of recently written specifications for mate rials where rather precise microstructural parameters are stipu lated. Whereas specifications written several years ago may have included microstructural requirements for details such as ASTM grain size or graphite type, today's specifications are beginning to include such things as volume fraction of phases, mean free path of particles, and grain intercept distances. Rather arbitrary terms such as "medium pearlite" have been replaced by requirements such as "interlamella spacing not to exceed 0. 1 micron. " Finally, materials users have become increasingly aware that when a material does fail, the reason for its failure may be found by examining and "reading" its microstructure. The responsibility for a particular microstructure and a resulting failure is a matter of growing importance in current product liability consider ations.

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.

The emission of electrons from solid surfaces bombarded by slow neutral and ionized heavy particles (atoms, molecules) is reviewed both theoretically and in the light of recent experimental studies by leading groups in the field. The book integrates physics of ion beams, surfaces and chemical physics, and serves both as a reference work for researchers and a textbook for graduate students.