Bacterial Diseases Of Rice And Their Management

Rice is a major staple food and a source of nutrition for over 3.5 billion people worldwide. It is, however, susceptible to a number of bacterial diseases that decrease its yield and quality. This book covers the bacterial diseases of rice and their management, focusing on sustainable management methods that involve biological control, conventional breeding, and molecular methods. It covers the biology of rice bacterial blight pathogens, virulence determinants, and host defense factors of bacterial blight pathogen-rice interactions. Different resistance rice cultivars, their resistance loci, and quantitative trait loci mapping in the important rice cultivars are also discussed. The book presents biological studies of the major rice bacterial diseases (rice bacterial brown stripe disease, bacterial leaf streak disease, rice bacterial panicle blight disease, rice bacterial foot rot, sheath brown rot disease) and presents comparative analyses of conventional breeding, and molecular management approaches, along with examples.

There is suf?cient need to document all the available data on biological control of rice diseases in a small volume. Part of this need rests on the global importance of rice to human life. In the ?rst chapter, I have tried to show that rice is indeed life for most people in Asia and shortages in production and availability can lead to a food crisis. While rice is cultivated in most continents, biological disease management attains special relevance to rice farmers of Africa, Asia, and also perhaps, Latin America. These farmers are resource-poor and might not be able to afford the cost of expensive chemical treatments to control devastating rice pathogens such as Magnaporthe oryzae (blast), Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (bacterial leaf blight), Rhizoctonia solani (sheath blight) and the virus, rice tungro disease. In an earlier volume that I developed under the title, Biological Control of Crop Diseases (Dekker/CRC Publishers, 2002), I included transgenic crops generated for the management of plant pathogens as biological control under the umbrella of a broad de?nition. Dr Jim Cook who wrote the Foreword for the volume lauded the inclusion of transgenic crops and induced systemic resistance (ISR) as a positive trend toward acceptance of host plant resistance as part of biocontrol. I continue to subscribe to this view.

Rice is a widely consumed crop around the world that has tremendous importance and is cultivated almost everywhere except Antarctica. However, various biotic and abiotic stresses have a negative effect on rice cultivation, seriously reducing its yield. This volume examines the bacterial and fungal pathogens that cause rice diseases and explores how to manage these diseases. It covers the economic and environmental impact of rice fungal diseases on global food security and proceeds to delve into diagnostic methods for rice fungal pathogen detection and discusses current strategic and applied biotechnological methods for the effective management of rice fungal diseases.

Virus and MLO diseases; Bacterial diseases; Fungus diseases - foliage diseases; Fungus diseases - diseases of stem, leaf sheath and root; Fungus diseases - seedling diseases; Fungus diseases - diseases of grain and inflorescence; Diseases caused by nematodes; Physiological diseases.

Biotic diseases. Bacterial diseases. Seedling, sheath, and grain diseases. Seedling diseases. Leaf sheath and grain diseases. Foliar diseases. Culm and root diseases. Fungal diseases. Seedling diseases. Foliar diseases. Leaf sheath and culm diseases. Root and crown diseases. Grain diseases. Obscure fungal diseases of the foliage and glumes. Diseases caused by viruses and mycoplasmalike organisms. Virus diseases. Diseases caused by mycoplasmalike organisms. Diseases caused by viruslike agents. Diseases caused by nematodes. Abiotic diseases and disorders. Nutrient deficiencies and toxicities.

Pathogen biology. Cell biology of pathogenesis. Signalling systems and gene expression regulating appressorium formation in magnaporthe grisea. Genetic regulation of sporulation in the rice blast fungus. Genetic interactions in magnaporthe grisea that affect cultivar specific avirulence/virulence on rice. Genomic structure and variability in pyricularia grisea. Molecular genetic approach to the study of cultivar specificity in the rice blast fungus. Avirulence genes and mechanisms of genetic instability in the rice blast fungus. Host plant resistance. International collaboration on breeding for resistance to rice blast. Present knowledge of rice resistance genetics and strategies for magnaporthe grisea pathogenicity and avirulence gene analysis. Mapping of blast resistance genes in rice. Molecular genetic analysis fo the rice bacterial blight resistance locus, Xa21. Current status for gene transfer into rice utilizing variety-independent delivery systems. Pathogen population dynamics and utilization of host plant resistance. Virulencecharacteristics of genetic families of pyricularia grisea in Colombia. Race-specific and rate-reducing resistance to rice blast in US rice cultivars. A strategy for accumulating genes for partial resistance to blast disease in rice within a conventional breeding program. Lineage exclusion: a proposal for linking blast population analysis to resistance breeding. Use of host genetic diversity to control cereal diseases: implications for rice blast. Figs, wasps, nematodes and sitting ducks: rice blast, from the outside looking in. Epidemiology, loss assessment, and management. The economic impact of rice blast disease in China. Current rice blast epidemics and their management in Thailand. Rice blast in west Africa: its nature and control. Understanding and modeling leaf blast effects on crop physiology and yield. Methodology for quantifying rice yield effects of blast. The epidemiological basis for blast management. Using simulation models to explore better strategies for the management of blast disease in temperate rice pathosystems. Blast management in high input, high yield potential, temperate rice ecosystems. Practical approaches to rice blast management in tropical monsoon ecosystems, with special reference to Bangladesh. Rice breeding programs, blast epidemics and blast management in the United States. Strategies for the discovery of rice blast fungicides. Biological control of rice leaf blast. Farmers' perspectives. Crop-livestock interactions: implications for crop improvement in sustainable agriculture. Assessing indigenous and traditional knowledge in farming systems. Rice, reason, and resistance: a comparative study of farmers' vs. Scientists' perception and strategies.

This volume focuses on integrated pest and disease management (IPM/IDM) and biocontrol of some key diseases of perennial and annual crops. It continues a series originated during a visit of prof. K. G. Mukerji to the CNR Plant Protection Institute in Bari (Italy), in November 2005. Both editors aim at a series of five volumes embracing, in a multi-disciplinary approach, advances and achievements in the practice of crop protection, for a wide range of plant parasites and pathogens. Two volumes of the series were already produced, dedicated to general concepts in IPM and to management and biocontrol of nematodes of grain crops and vegetables. This Volume deals, in particular, with diseases due to bacteria, phytoplasma and fungi. Every day, in any agroecosystem, farmers face problems related to plant diseases. Since the beginning of agriculture, indeed, and probably for a long time in the future, farmers will continue to do so. Every year, plant diseases cause severe losses in the global production of food and other agricultural commodities, worldwide. Plant diseases are not limited to episodic events occurring in single farms or crops, and should not be regarded as single independent cases, affecting only farms on a local scale. The impact of plant disease epidemics on food shortage ignited, in the last two centuries, deep cultural, social and demographic changes, affecting million human beings, through i. e. migration, death and hunger.

The Rapid Change In The Agro-Ecosystem Leaves A Snag In The Establishment Of Harmony The Discard Of The Disturb Ecosystem Due To Wide Usage Of Chemical Pesticides, Fertilizers, And Synthetic Plant Growth Regulators. The Long Term Effect Were Overlooked Hence, Boom Of One Time Become Bane For The Ecosystem Degradation. At The Present Context, It Has Become Indispensable To Look For Sustainable Crop Protection Management Approaches For Disease Management And The Present Book Is An Effort To This Direction. The Diseases Of Economic Importance Caused By Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses And Virus Like Organisms Of Each Crop Are Covered, Describing Their History, Distribution, Losses Incurred, Symptoms Latest Diagnostic Tools, Epidemiology And Integrated Applied Management Approaches Including Cultural, Chemical, Genetic Resources, Use Of Bio Control Agents Being Adopted World-Wide. The Layout Of Each Chapter Includes A Brief Introduction And Pathogen-Wise Description Of The Diseases. Some Chapters Are Vividly Illustrated With Photographs Of Typical Symptoms, Graphs, Tables And Line Drawing To Make The Subject More Interesting And Easy To Understand For Students, Scientists, Planners, Administrators, Growers And Other End Users With Latest Pertinent References. The Book Contains Recent Information On Idm And Biological Control, Secondary Metabolites Produced By Biocontrol Agents And Their Role In Plant Disease Management, Potential Entomopathogenic And Antagonistic Fungi; Fungal Diseases Of Apple, Virus Diseases Of Cotton, Sheath Blight Of Rice, White Blister (Rust) Of Rapeseed-Mustard, Idm On Maize, Idm On Pulses, Idm On Rapeseed-Mustard, Sunflower, Linseed, Spot Blotch Of Wheat, Soil Solarization In Management Of Seedling Diseases; Management Of Bacterial Diseases, Anthracnose Of Cowpea; Precision Pest Management, Role Of Transgenics In Plant Protection, Role Of Information Technology In Plant Protection And Physiological Disorder Of Fruits And Their Management. Contents Chapter 1: Maize Diseases And Their Integrated Management By Shahid Ahamad; Chapter 2: Diseases Of Pulse Crops And Their Ecofriendly Management By S C Dubey, Birendra Singh And P Bahadur; Chapter 3: Biological Control Of Sheath Blight Disease Of Rice Caused By Rhizoctonia Solani By Ali Anwar And G B Bhat; Chapter 4: A Noxious Constraint: Blast Disease (Pyricularia Grisea) In Rice Production And Its Management By Ali Anwar And G N Bhat; Chapter 5: Potential Of Soil Solarization In The Management Of Seedling Diseases Of Vegetable Nurseries By Jameel Akhtar, Abdulmajid Ansari, Kumud Rani Tiu And H S Chaube; Chapter 6: Integrated Management Of White Blister (Rust) Of Rapeseed-Mustard By Shahid Ahamad And Anis Khan; Chapter 7: Precision Pest Management: An Emerging Concept By Chinmay Biswas, Sk Biswas And Ml Jat; Chapter 8: Management Strategies Of Sclerotinia Stem Rot Of Sunflower By Bipin Kumar, Mohd Akram And Sb Sing; Chapter 9: Integrated Management Of Spot Blotch Of Wheat By Mohd Akram, Mandvi Singh And Anis Khan; Chapter 10: Physiological Disorders Of Fruits And Their Management By F A Khan, G M Beigh And M Y Bhat; Chapter 11: Bacterial Antagonists For Bacterial Diseases In Plant By Kalyan K Mondal; Chapter 12: Biological Control Of Soil Borne Diseases: An Update In Pulse Crops By R G Chaudhary, Neetu Shukla And R K Prajapati; Chapter 13: Integrated Management Of Alternaria Blight Of Rapeseed And Mustard: An Overview By Rajendra Prasad And Udit Narain; Chapter 14: Prospects Of Ecofriendly Management Of Wilt And Dry Root Rot In Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L) By S N Gurha, Mukesh Srivastava, Shubha Trivedi And Udit Narain; Chapter 15: Alternaria Blight Of Linseed (Linum Usitatissimum L): An Overview By Jyoti Singh; Chapter 16: Diseases Of Button Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus) And Their Management By K P S Kushwaha And K K Mishra; Chapter 17: Biological Control Of Plant Diseases: Present Status And Future Scope By S K Biswas, Chinmay Biswas And S S L Srivastava; Chapter 18: Cultural And Biological Management Of Anthracnose Of Cowpea By Santosh Kumar Singh, Mohd Akram, Mandvi Singh And S B Singh; Chapter 19: Integrated Disease Management Strategies In Pulses By R K Prajapati, R G Chaudhary And Vishwa Dhar; Chapter 20: Biological Control Of Plant Pathogens By Amit Kumar Jain, Om Prakash Singh And D Prasad; Chapter 21: Role Of Information And Communication Technologies In Crop Production And Protection By Anshuman Kohli, Robert T Raab And Buenafe R Abdon; Chapter 22: Role Of Transgenics In Plant Protection By Sudha Jala And Dinesh Goyal; Chapter 23: Biodiversity Of Rust And Smut Fungi By D K Agarwal And Shahid Ahamad; Chapter 24: Biocontrol: An Emerging Strategy In Plant Disease Management By Sunita Chandel; Chapter 25: Virus Infecting Cotton: An Overview By Pradeep Sharma, Narayan Rishi And P K Sharma; Chapter 26: Trichoderma: Potential Microbe For Biocontrol Of Plant Diseases By Pratibha Sharma And Shahid Ahamad; Chapter 27: Secondary Metabolites Produced By Biocontrol Agents And Their Role In Plant Disease Management By Rashmi Aggarwal, Sangeeta Gupta And V B Singh; Chapter 28: Ecofriendly Management Of Diseases Of Rapessed Mustard By M S Sangwan And Naresh Mehta; Chapter 29: Biological Control Of Weeds By Sumit Chaturvedi, V C Dhyani, A P Singh, Rajeev Kumar, Gurvinder Singh And D S Mishra; Chapter 30: Ecofriendly Management Of Anthracnose Disease Of Urdbean By Om Gupta, S N Gurha And Shubha Trivedi; Chapter 31: Symptomatology, Etiology And Ecofriendly Management Of Alternaria Leaf Spots And Blight Of Broccoli By Gireesh Chand, Udit Narain, Mukesh Kumar And Shilpi Verma.