Boundary 2

This Special Issue gathers papers reporting recent advances in the remote sensing of cold regions. It includes contributions presenting improvements in modeling microwave emissions from snow, assessment of satellite-based sea ice concentration products, satellite monitoring of ice jam and glacier lake outburst floods, satellite mapping of snow depth and soil freeze/thaw states, near-nadir interferometric imaging of surface water bodies, and remote sensing-based assessment of high arctic lake environment and vegetation recovery from wildfire disturbances in Alaska. A comprehensive review is presented to summarize the achievements, challenges, and opportunities of cold land remote sensing.

Index Questions only MCQs Topic: Solar System (Q.1 to Q.22) (Page No. 2-3) MCQs Topic: The solar system planets information (Q.23 to Q.66) (Page No. 4- 8) Geomorphology MCQs Topic: Latitudes and Longitudes (Q.67 to Q.76) (Page No.8-9) MCQs Topic: Latitude and Longitude Specific | Standard Time zone (Q.77 to Q.101) (Page No.9-11) MCQs Topic: Motions of the Earth: Rotation and Revolution (Q.102 to Q.111) (Page No.11-12) MCQs Topic: Domains of the Earth: Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere (Q.112 to Q.133) (Page No.12-14) MCQs Topic: Interior of the Earth: Core, Mantle and Crust (Q.134 to Q.155) (Page No.14-16) MCQs Topic: Earthquake Causes and Effects (Q. 156 to Q.195) (Page No.16-20) MCQs Topic: Seismic waves and earth’s interior: P waves, S waves, L waves (Q.196 to Q.215) (Page No.20-21) MCQs Topic: Classification of Rocks: Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks (Q.216 to Q.251) (Page No.21-24) MCQs Topic: Continental Drift Theory: Evidences and Drawbacks (Q.252 to Q.261) (Page No.25-25) MCQs Topic: Seafloor Spreading theory, Paleomagnetism (Q.262 to Q.277) (Page No.25-27) MCQs Topic: Plate Tectonics theory (Q.278 to Q.305) (Page No.27-30) MCQs Topic: Geomorphic Processes: Endogenic and Exogenic forces (Q.306 to Q.322) (Page No.30-31) MCQs Topic: Endogenic forces: Epeirogenic and Orogenic (Q.323 to Q.341) (Page No.31-33) MCQs Topic: Exogenic Forces: Denudation and Weathering (Q.342 to Q.366) (Page No.33-35) MCQs Topic: Tsunami and its causes & Tsunami Warning Systems (Q.367 to Q.373) (Page No.35-36) MCQs Topic: Volcanism and Volcanic landforms (Q.374 to Q.423) (Page No.36-41) MCQs Topic: Major Landforms of the Earth (Q.424 to Q.430) (Page No.41-41) MCQs Topic: Fluvial landforms (Q.431 to Q.445) (Page No.41-43) MCQs Topic: Aeolian Landforms (Q.446 to Q.474) (Page No.43-45) Climatology MCQs Topic: Latitudes and Longitudes (Q.475 to Q.480) (Page No.45-46) MCQs Topic: Composition and structure of the atmosphere (Q.481 to Q.509) (Page No.46-49) MCQs Topic: Insolation and Heat budget of the Earth (Q.510 to Q.538) (Page No.49-51) MCQs Topic: Pressure Belts of the Earth (Q.539 to Q.567) (Page No.51-54) MCQs Topic: Types of Wind – Permanent, Secondary & Local Winds (Q.568 to Q.602) (Page No.54-57) MCQs Topic: Temperature Inversion: Types & Effects on Weather (Q.603 to Q.619) (Page No.57-59) MCQs Topic: Cyclones and Anticyclone (Q.620 to Q.654) (Page No.59-62) MCQs Topic: Jet Stream (Climatology) (Q.655 to Q.669) (Page No.62-64) MCQs Topic: Clouds formation & Types of clouds (Q.670 to Q.696) (Page No.64-66) MCQs Topic: Precipitation: Types of Precipitation & Types of Rainfall (Q.697 to Q.739) (Page No.66-70) Oceanography MCQs Topic: Major and Minor Ocean Relief Features (Q.740 to Q.785) (Page No.70-75) MCQs Topic: Important Seas of the world (Q.786 to Q.830) (Page No.75-79) MCQs Topic: Salinity of Ocean water (Q.831 to Q.853) (Page No.79-81) MCQs Topic: Ocean Waves & Movements of Ocean Water (Q.854 to Q.865) (Page No.81-82) MCQs Topic: Ocean Currents: Types of Ocean Currents (Q.866 to Q.892) (Page No.82-84) MCQs Topic: Tides: Spring & Neap Tide, Tidal Bulge, Tidal Bore (Q.893 to Q.921) (Page No.84-87) MCQs Topic: Ocean Resources: Biotic and Abiotic (Q.922 to Q.945) (Page No.87-89) MCQs Topic: El-Nino, La-Nina, ENSO, El Nino Modoki (Q.946 to Q.970) (Page No.89-92) MCQs Topic: Oceans Issues and Threats (Q.971 to Q.995) (Page No.92-94) Revision Test: (Q.1 to Q.322) (Page No.94-122) Questions Cum Answers MCQs Topic: Solar System (Q.1 to Q.22) (Page No.124-130) MCQs Topic: The solar system planets information (Q.23 to Q.66) (Page No.130-141) Geomorphology MCQs Topic: Latitudes and Longitudes (Q.67 to Q.76) (Page No.141-143) MCQs Topic: Latitude and Longitude Specific | Standard Time zone (Q.77 to Q.101) (Page No.143-150) MCQs Topic: Motions of the Earth: Rotation and Revolution (Q.102 to Q.111) (Page No.150-153) MCQs Topic: Domains of the Earth: Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere (Q.112 to Q.133) (Page No.153-158) MCQs Topic: Interior of the Earth: Core, Mantle and Crust (Q.134 to Q.155) (Page No.158-162) MCQs Topic: Earthquake Causes and Effects (Q. 156 to Q.195) (Page No.162-171) MCQs Topic: Seismic waves and earth’s interior: P waves, S waves, L waves (Q.196 to Q.215) (Page No.171-175) MCQs Topic: Classification of Rocks: Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks (Q.216 to Q.251) (Page No.175-183) MCQs Topic: Continental Drift Theory: Evidences and Drawbacks (Q.252 to Q.261) (Page No.183-186) MCQs Topic: Seafloor Spreading theory, Paleomagnetism (Q.262 to Q.277) (Page No.186-190) MCQs Topic: Plate Tectonics theory (Q.278 to Q.305) (Page No.190-197) MCQs Topic: Geomorphic Processes: Endogenic and Exogenic forces (Q.306 to Q.322) (Page No.197-200) MCQs Topic: Endogenic forces: Epeirogenic and Orogenic (Q.323 to Q.341) (Page No.200-204) MCQs Topic: Exogenic Forces: Denudation and Weathering (Q.342 to Q.366) (Page No.204-210) MCQs Topic: Tsunami and its causes & Tsunami Warning Systems (Q.367 to Q.373) (Page No.210-212) MCQs Topic: Volcanism and Volcanic landforms (Q.374 to Q.423) (Page No.212-224) MCQs Topic: Major Landforms of the Earth (Q.424 to Q.430) (Page No.224-225) MCQs Topic: Fluvial landforms (Q.431 to Q.445) (Page No.225-229) MCQs Topic: Aeolian Landforms (Q.446 to Q.474) (Page No.229-236) Climatology MCQs Topic: Latitudes and Longitudes (Q.475 to Q.480) (Page No.236-238) MCQs Topic: Composition and structure of the atmosphere (Q.481 to Q.509) (Page No.238-244) MCQs Topic: Insolation and Heat budget of the Earth (Q.510 to Q.538) (Page No.244-251) MCQs Topic: Pressure Belts of the Earth (Q.539 to Q.567) (Page No.251-260) MCQs Topic: Types of Wind – Permanent, Secondary & Local Winds (Q.568 to Q.602) (Page No.260-269) MCQs Topic: Temperature Inversion: Types & Effects on Weather (Q.603 to Q.619) (Page No.269-274) MCQs Topic: Cyclones and Anticyclone (Q.620 to Q.654) (Page No.274-284) MCQs Topic: Jet Stream (Climatology) (Q.655 to Q.669) (Page No.284-289) MCQs Topic: Clouds formation & Types of clouds (Q.670 to Q.696) (Page No.289-295) MCQs Topic: Precipitation: Types of Precipitation & Types of Rainfall (Q.697 to Q.739) (Page No.295-306) Oceanography MCQs Topic: Major and Minor Ocean Relief Features (Q.740 to Q.785) (Page No.306-316) MCQs Topic: Important Seas of the world (Q.786 to Q.830) (Page No.316-324) MCQs Topic: Salinity of Ocean water (Q.831 to Q.853) (Page No.324-330) MCQs Topic: Ocean Waves & Movements of Ocean Water (Q.854 to Q.865) (Page No.330-333) MCQs Topic: Ocean Currents: Types of Ocean Currents (Q.866 to Q.892) (Page No.333-339) MCQs Topic: Tides: Spring & Neap Tide, Tidal Bulge, Tidal Bore (Q.893 to Q.921) (Page No.340-346) MCQs Topic: Ocean Resources: Biotic and Abiotic (Q.922 to Q.945) (Page No.346-351) MCQs Topic: El-Nino, La-Nina, ENSO, El Nino Modoki (Q.946 to Q.970) (Page No.351-358) MCQs Topic: Oceans Issues and Threats (Q.971 to Q.995) (Page No.358-364) Revision Test: (Q.1 to Q.322) (Page No.365-412)