Carbohydrates 2018

This book contains original papers and reviews on carbohydrate research in medicine, authored by participants of the 29th International Carbohydrate Symposium, where this topic had a special emphasis. The focus on biological events involving carbohydrates and glycoconjugates has delivered reliable approaches for disease treatment and diagnosis. Research on carbohydrate-based compounds for therapeutic applications is illustrated in various contributions, namely those covering the development of novel agents against Alzheimer’s disease, e.g. the neuroprotective C-glucosylated flavones and the isonucleoside-based cholinesterase inhibitors. New imino sugar glucosidase inhibitors are also disclosed, a class of compounds with potential for diabetes, Gaucher disease or cancer treatment. Also the development of a useful synthetic method towards multivalent glycoclusters of biomedical interest is here highlighted. The relevance of glycomimetics in drug discovery and the progress on carbohydrates in early diagnosis and cancer treatment are reviewed. Noteworthy is the chitosan-based delivery system for drug oral administration, a new biomaterial-based approach to improve bioavailability. Another study on the conformation of Streptococcus capsular polysaccharide backbones by molecular modelling provides useful information for bacterial immunotherapeutic approaches. All original contributions and reviews clearly demonstrate the potential of glycosciences for innovation in medicinal (glyco)chemistry and pharmaceutical research.

Molecular Nutrition: Carbohydrates presents the nutritional and molecular aspects of carbohydrates. As part of the Molecular Nutrition includes sections covering carbohydrate metabolism, carbohydrates in the diet, insulin resistance, dietary sugars, cardiometabolic risk, lipoproteins, low-carbohydrate diets, antioxidants, refined dietary sugars, fats, glucose transporters, glucose sensing, the role of phosphorylation, carbohydrate responsive binding protein, cyclic AMP, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, SIRT1, insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and GIP receptor (GIPR) genes rRNA and transcription, and more. In addition, the book addresses emerging fields of molecular biology and presents important discoveries relating to diet and nutritional health. Summarizes molecular nutrition in health as related to carbohydrates Addresses emerging fields of molecular biology and presents important discoveries relating to diet and nutritional health Includes key facts, a mini dictionary of terms and summary points

For today's Americans, it is an obsession. What should I eat? What should I avoid? Which foods should I combine? How do I get "in the zone" or "eat for my type?" We must now choose between "healthy" fats and "unhealthy" fats; "good" carbs and "bad" carbs; and "high glycemic" and "low glycemic." While the formulas for healthful eating increase, so do our waistlines. The perfect example is the low-carbohydrate diet. Since the mid-1990s low-carb diets have made a phenomenal resurgence, led by Dr. Robert Atkins' program, which has been on The New York Times bestseller list continuously for the past five years. But his plan is by no means the only one. Others also are jockeying to take the low-carb crown, including the South Beach Diet, the latest in the low-carb offerings that has pushed its way up the bestseller lists. With this resurgence, many Americans are now avoiding carbs. For the time being, carbs appear to be the "enemy" in many people's minds and stomachs. We emphasize "for the time being" because when it comes to diets, nothing lasts forever. Americans went through a similar obsession with carbohydrate avoidance a few decades ago, when many low-carb diet books topped the bestseller lists in the 1960s and 1970s-including the original version of Atkins' low-carb diet. Despite their popularity, low-carb diets had virtually no measurable effect on our waistlines-the weight of the average U.S. adult at the end of '70s was essentially the same as it was at the start of the previous decade. It seems that a diet limited to primarily protein and fat was not the answer after all. And when it comes to dieting, it seems Americans cannot resist a fad. But no matter what the latest fad diet claims, the bottom line is calories-regardless of type-do count. Unfortunately, Americans seem to have found out the hard way. It's the Calories, Not the Carbs was written in part to clarify this point and set the record straight. It also was written to show you that eating well-and living well-is about giving yourself the best possible intake of nutrients to allow your body to be as healthy as possible and to work as well as it can. It is getting the nutrients your body needs for optimal mental performance and emotional balance. It is not a set of rules. Your body's needs and health goals are completely unique and depend on a whole host of factors-from the strengths and weaknesses you were born with, to the effects your current environment has on you. No single way of eating is perfect for everyone, although there are general guidelines that apply to us all. Whether your personal health goal is to lose weight, maintain your current weight, become more active, have more energy, or just improve your overall health and fitness-this guide will show you how to use the Food Guide Pyramid, listen to your body, and become more active to make lasting, healthful lifestyle changes for health and wellness ...and to say goodbye to fad diets of all types for good.

Carbohydrates are the body's primary energy providers. Written for young children, this book discusses the main forms of carbs, how they are created, and why they are important. It explains the differences between simple and complex carbohydrates and between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It details how carbs are broken down in the digestive system into units small enough to be distributed through the bloodstream, absorbed by cells, and converted into energy. Other subjects investigated are carb "loading," major and minor health problems caused by carbs, and the importance of managing the consumption of different types of carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates in Drug Discovery and Development: Synthesis and Applications examines recent and notable developments in the synthesis, biology, therapeutic, and biomedical applications of carbohydrates, which is considered to be a highly promising area of research in the field of medicinal chemistry. Their role in several important biological processes, notably energy storage, transport, modulation of protein function, intercellular adhesion, malignant transformation, signal transduction, viral, and bacterial cell surface recognition formulate the carbohydrate systems to be an exceedingly considerable scaffold for the development of new chemical entities of pharmacological importance. In addition to their easy accessibility, high functionality and chiralpool characteristics are the few additional fascinating structural features of carbohydrates, which further enhance their utilities and thus they have been able to attract chemists and biologists toward harnessing these properties for the past several decades. This book covers an advanced aspect of carbohydrate-based molecular scaffolding, starting with a general introduction followed by a detailed discussion about the impact of diverse carbohydrate-containing molecules of great therapeutic values and their impact on drug discovery and development. The topics covered in this book include the significance of heparin mimetics as the possible tools for the modulation of biology and therapy, chemistry and bioactivities of C-glycosylated compounds, inositols, iminosugars, KDO, sialic acids, glycohybrids, macrocycles, plant oligosaccharides, anti-bacterial and anti-cancer vaccines, antibiotics, and more. • Presents a practical and detailed overview of a wide range of carbohydrate systems including KDO, sialic acids, inositols, iminosugars, etc relevant for drug discovery and development. • Highlights the use of functionalized carbohydrates as synthons for the construction of various systems. • Covers recent developments in the synthesis of various glycohybrid molecules and vaccines. • Highlights the significance of heparin mimetics as tools for the modulation of biology. • Provides an impact of glycan microarrays and carbohydrate– protein interaction.

Carbohydrate Chemistry for Food Scientists, Third Edition, is a complete update of the critically acclaimed authoritative carbohydrate reference for food scientists. The new edition is fully revised, expanded and redesigned as an easy-to-read resource for students and professionals who need to understand this specialized area. The new edition provides practical information on the specific uses of carbohydrates, the functionalities delivered by specific carbohydrates, and the process for choosing carbohydrate ingredients for specific product applications. Readers will learn basic and specific applications of food carbohydrate organic and physical chemistry through clearly explained presentations of mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides and their chemistry. This new edition includes expanded sections on Maillard browning reaction, dietary fiber, fat mimetics, and polyols, in addition to discussions of physical properties, imparted functionalities, and actual applications. It is an invaluable resource on the chemistry of food carbohydrates for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, and a concise, user-friendly, applied reference book for food science professionals. Identifies structures and chemistry of all food carbohydrates – monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides Covers the behavior and functionality of carbohydrates within foods Contains extensive coverage of the structures and properties of individual polysaccharides, including cellulose, inulin, gellans and pectins, amongst others

This book contains original papers and reviews on carbohydrate research in medicine, authored by participants of the 29th International Carbohydrate Symposium, where this topic had a special emphasis. The focus on biological events involving carbohydrates and glycoconjugates has delivered reliable approaches for disease treatment and diagnosis. Research on carbohydrate-based compounds for therapeutic applications is illustrated in various contributions, namely those covering the development of novel agents against Alzheimer's disease, e.g. the neuroprotective C-glucosylated flavones and the isonucleoside-based cholinesterase inhibitors. New imino sugar glucosidase inhibitors are also disclosed, a class of compounds with potential for diabetes, Gaucher disease or cancer treatment. Also the development of a useful synthetic method towards multivalent glycoclusters of biomedical interest is here highlighted. The relevance of glycomimetics in drug discovery and the progress on carbohydrates in early diagnosis and cancer treatment are reviewed. Noteworthy is the chitosan-based delivery system for drug oral administration, a new biomaterial-based approach to improve bioavailability. Another study on the conformation of Streptococcus capsular polysaccharide backbones by molecular modelling provides useful information for bacterial immunotherapeutic approaches. All original contributions and reviews clearly demonstrate the potential of glycosciences for innovation in medicinal (glyco)chemistry and pharmaceutical research.

This detailed and comprehensive overview of meat-free diets introduces readers to their long history in human cultures and analyzes some of the important questions and issues surrounding their practice in today's world. Vegetarianism and Veganism: A Reference Handbook provides a history and background of vegetarianism and veganism from prehistorical times to the present day, along with detailed discussions of the practice in each historical period since that time. The ancillary chapters provide additional information on important individuals and organizations in the field, relevant data and documents on the topic, an annotated bibliography, a chronology of important events, and a glossary of terms likely to be encountered in the field. Of special interest is the Perspectives chapter, in which stakeholders in the topic write about some specific aspect of its importance in their own lives. Intended for high school, college, an general readers, the volume covers the field of vegetarianism and veganism in cultures from around the world. Some specific topics include ancient views of vegetarianism, religious stands on the practice, the growth of vegetarian and vegan institutions, and current controversies over the practice of meat-free diets. It also includes a host of resources that readers can use to continue their own research in the field.