Carbon Dioxide Flooding

Within the last 10 years the world has come to a point where the easily explorable oil deposits have now been found, and it is anticipated that such deposits will be depleted by the beginning of the Twenty-first Century. However, the increasing demand of man kind for energy has caused technologists to look into ways of find ing new sources or to reevaluat:e unconventional sources which, in the past, have not been economical. In this respect, heavy crude and tar sand oils are becoming important in fulfilling the world's energy requirements. What are heavy crude and tar sand oils? There is still some confusion as to their definitions, inasmuch as they vary among organizations and countries. In an effort to set agreed meanings, UNITAR, in a meeting in February 1982 in Venezuela, proposed the following definitions (see also Table 1): 1. Heavy crude oil and tar sand oil are petroleum or petroleum like liquids or semi-solids naturally occurring in porous media. The porous media are sands, sandstone, and carbonate rocks. 2. These oils will be characterized by viscosity and density. Viscosity will be used to define heavy crude oil and tar sand oil, and density (oAPI) will be used when viscosity measurements are not available. 3. Heavy crude oil has a gas-free viscosity of 100-10000 mPa.s (cp) 3 o at reservoir temperatures, or a density of 943 kg/m (20 API) 3 o o to 1000 kg/m (10 API) at 15.6 C and at atmospheric oressure.

This is the eighth volume in the series, Advances in Natural Gas Engineering, focusing on gas injection into geological formations and other related topics, very important areas of natural gas engineering. This volume includes information for both upstream and downstream operations, including chapters detailing the most cutting-edge techniques in acid gas injection, carbon capture, chemical and thermodynamic models, and much more. Written by some of the most well-known and respected chemical and process engineers working with natural gas today, the chapters in this important volume represent the most state-of-the-art processes and operations being used in the field. Not available anywhere else, this volume is a must-have for any chemical engineer, chemist, or process engineer in the industry. Advances in Natural Gas Engineering is an ongoing series of books meant to form the basis for the working library of any engineer working in natural gas today.

If policies aimed at large reductions of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are enacted, more carbon capture and storage will be needed. RAND researchers explored the ability of the industrial base supporting the transportation and sequestration of CO2 to expand, assessing the industrial base for transportation and injection of CO2 for both geologic storage and enhanced oil recovery.

The second edition of the Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States and Canada contains three main sections: (1) Introduction, (2) National Perspectives, and (3) Regional Perspectives. The Introduction section contains an overview of CCS technologies, a summary of the DOE's efforts in the CCS area, a brief description of the RCSP Program, and information on the National Carbon Sequestration Database and Geographic Information System (NATCARB). The National Perspectives section provides maps showing the number, location, and magnitude of identified CO2 stationary sources in the U.S. and portions of Canada, as well as the areal extent and estimated CO2 storage resource available in geologic formations evaluated within the RCSP Regions. The National Perspectives section also contains a summary of the methodologies and assumptions employed to calculate CO2 emissions and estimated CO2 storage resource of various geologic formations. The Regional perspectives section includes a detailed presentation of CO2 stationary sources, CO2 storage resource assessments, updates on field projects, and information on commercialization opportunities in each RCSP based on these methodologies and assumptions.