Chemical Derivatization In Analytical Chemistry

The first volume in this series is devoted to derivatization techniques in chromatography, for very obvious reasons. In gas chromatography (GC) chemical derivatization as an aid to expand the usefulness of the technique has been known for more than a decade and has become an established approach. The first chapter deals to a great extent with derivatization for the purpose of making compounds amenable to Gc. Although the discussion concentrates on pesticides, some generally valid conclusions can be drawn from this chapter. Chemistry will not be limited to the separation-it can also have a pronounced impact on the sample cleanup, another topic cov ered in Chapter 1. Since the introduction of coupled GC-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), a very powerful tool, derivatization techniques have taken still another di rection-taking into consideration chromatographic as well as mass spec trometric improvement of the compounds of interest. Cyclic boronates are discussed as derivatization reagents for this purpose in the second chapter.

With the second volume in this senes we have continued the theme of Volume 1 and expanded more generally into separation and continuous flow techniques. The first chapter gives an account on flow injection analysis. Thi~ technique has gained considerable interest in the recent past and offers many facets of the use of chemistry in automated analysis procedures. One of these facets is certainly also the use of ion-pairing reactions, and we have been fortunate to get two well-known experts to treat this subject. The use of ion-pairing techniques is being discussed from a batch extraction (sample handling) point of view as well as for flow injection and chromato graphic purposes. Immobilized enzymes are another area of major attention and their multidirectional use in analytical chemistry is illuminated in Chapter 3 with special emphasis on their use in connection with liquid chromatography. Needless to say, similar techniques have also found their way into con tinuous-flow methodology (Auto-Analyzers) and many of the aspects dis cussed in Chapter 3 are adaptable to this end. The need and recent urgency for separation of optical isomers in many areas, particularly pharmaceutical and clinical analysis, has spurred a flurry of activity in this special section of chromatography. The current status of the field of optical isomer separation is competently reviewed in Chapter 4. Again this is a typical area wherein it is the proper use of chemistry that finally delivers a solution. The last two chapters deal with precolumn or prechromatographic derivatization techniques.

Gas chromatography (GC) is one of the most important types of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing chemical organic compounds. Today, gas chromatography is one of the most widespread investigation methods of instrumental analysis. This technique is used in the laboratories of chemical, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries, in research institutes, and also in clinical, environmental, and food and beverage analysis. This book is the outcome of contributions by experts in the field of gas chromatography and includes a short history of gas chromatography, an overview of derivatization methods and sample preparation techniques, a comprehensive study on pyrazole mass spectrometric fragmentation, and a GC/MS/MS method for the determination and quantification of pesticide residues in grape samples.

Chemical Derivatization in Liquid Chromatography