China S Northern Wei Dynasty 386 535

The Northern Wei was a dynasty which originated outside China and ruled northern China when the south of China was ruled by a series of dynasties which originated inside China. Both during the time that the Northern Wei dynasty was in power and over many centuries subsequently, the legitimacy of the Northern Wei dynasty has been questioned. This book outlines the history of the Northern Wei dynasty, including its origins and the history of its southern rivals; considers the practices adopted by both the Northern Wei dynasty and its rivals to establish legitimacy; and examines the debates which preoccupied Chinese scholars subsequently. The book casts light on traditional ideas about legitimate rule in China, ideas which have enduring relevance as tradition continues to be very significant in contemporary China.

The Northern Wei was a dynasty which originated outside China and ruled northern China when the south of China was ruled by a series of dynasties which originated inside China. Both during the time that the Northern Wei dynasty was in power and over many centuries subsequently, the legitimacy of the Northern Wei dynasty has been questioned. This book outlines the history of the Northern Wei dynasty, including its origins and the history of its southern rivals; considers the practices adopted by both the Northern Wei dynasty and its rivals to establish legitimacy; and examines the debates which preoccupied Chinese scholars subsequently. The book casts light on traditional ideas about legitimate rule in China, ideas which have enduring relevance as tradition continues to be very significant in contemporary China.

"This is a study of an Inner Asian people called the *Taghbach (Ch. Tuoba), who half a century after collapse of the Han state (206 BCE-220 CE) began the process of building a new kind of empire in East Asia. Though addressing larger historiographical issues, the book's main purpose is, within the limits of our sources, to see this people in and of themselves, in a detailed narrative that follows them from the emergence of the khan Liwei in the mid-third century, in the highland frontier between Inner Asia and the Chinese world, and ends almost three hundred years later, with the drowning of the dynasty's last matriarch in the Yellow River. Across the centuries, they repeatedly changed their name, nature and location. What remained relatively consistent, however, was their reliance on cavalry armies, filled with loyal men of Inner Asian origin. When that ended, the dynasty ended as well. Underlying the narrative are two main issues. One is that Northern Wei was the first major example of a kind of empire seen often in East Asian histories, the "conquest dynasties," regimes of Inner Asian origin which would over the centuries repeatedly seize control of territories inhabited for the most part by Chinese to create cultural and ethnically complex state systems. The second is historiographical: that this dynasty was renamed and reimagined to fit into the textual tradition of its Chinese subjects. Being our only primary written sources for the dynasty, these texts are here used with care"--

The book is the volume of “The Military History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasty ” among a series of books of “Deep into China Histories”. The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC) and the Bamboo Annals (296 BC) describe a Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BC) before the Shang, but no writing is known from the period The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley, which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. However, Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River. These Yellow River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before the Shang. With thousands of years of continuous history, China is one of the world's oldest civilizations, and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization.The Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) supplanted the Shang and introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. The central Zhou government began to weaken due to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC, and the country eventually splintered into smaller states during the Spring and Autumn period. These states became independent and warred with one another in the following Warring States period. Much of traditional Chinese culture, literature and philosophy first developed during those troubled times.In 221 BC Qin Shi Huang conquered the various warring states and created for himself the title of Huangdi or "emperor" of the Qin, marking the beginning of imperial China. However, the oppressive government fell soon after his death, and was supplanted by the longer-lived Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). Successive dynasties developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the emperor to control vast territories directly. In the 21 centuries from 206 BC until AD 1912, routine administrative tasks were handled by a special elite of scholar-officials. Young men, well-versed in calligraphy, history, literature, and philosophy, were carefully selected through difficult government examinations. China's last dynasty was the Qing (1644–1912), which was replaced by the Republic of China in 1912, and in the mainland by the People's Republic of China in 1949.Chinese history has alternated between periods of political unity and peace, and periods of war and failed statehood – the most recent being the Chinese Civil War (1927–1949). China was occasionally dominated by steppe peoples, most of whom were eventually assimilated into the Han Chinese culture and population. Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China; in some eras control stretched as far as Xinjiang and Tibet, as at present. Traditional culture, and influences from other parts of Asia and the Western world (carried by waves of immigration, cultural assimilation, expansion, and foreign contact), form the basis of the modern culture of China.

This book is one of the Chinese Culture Story Series. The whole set of Chinese Culture Stories Series, 41 books @ $ 2.4/BOOK ONLY!, 1050 articles, 18 categories. Chinese-English bilingual, Detailed explanations and expansions of Vocabularies, Perfect for HSK 4-6, IGCSE Chinese, IB Chinese & School extra readings. Find the QR code on the first page for the best price for the whole set of books. New launching BEST price at http://edeo.biz/26749 For Hardcopy or paperback books at best price with reduced postage, please visit: David Yao Amazon Kindle Author Central page: http://bit.ly/david-amazon-kdp (USA) https://www.amazon.co.uk/-/e/B07PR3LTMQ (UK) https://www.amazon.de/-/e/B07PR3LTMQ (German) http://www.amazon.fr/-/e/B07PR3LTMQ (France) https://www.amazon.co.jp/~/e/B07PR3LTMQ (Japan) https://www.amazon.com/-/e/B07PR3LTMQ (USA) This book covers the tumultuous era from Three Kingdoms to The Northern and Southern dynasties.The Three Kingdoms from 220–280 AD was the tripartite division of China among the states of Wei, Shu, and Wu. The Three Kingdoms period started with the end of the Han dynasty and was followed by the Jin dynasty. Start date: 189 AD. End date: 263 AD The Northern and Southern dynasties was a period in the history of China that lasted from 386 to 589, following the tumultuous era of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Wu Hu states. It is sometimes considered as the latter part of a longer period known as the Six Dynasties. Start date: 420 AD. End date: 589 AD (Wikipedia) 中国的史书浩瀚如海，在中国历史上可歌可泣的人物和事件，不可胜数，所以大家常说：一部二十五史，不知从何说起。我们从历代的史书中，以教育性、趣味性、知识性为取材标准，用简洁的文字，将中国历史撷精择要的呈现给读者。Chinese histories are abundant. In Chinese history the stories of glorious and tragic men and events are so numerous that they cannot be counted. Therefore, people often sya, " One does not know where to begin discussing the Twenty-five Histories. " The historical stories are selected from many stroies with clear and simple wording, they present a complete Chinese history concisely to our readers. Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, The Northern and Southern dynasties 三国魏晋南北朝 -Story 01-25 Contents 01 序编 Preface 1 序言 2 Preface 2 02 建安七子 The Seven Masters of the Jian-an 03 桃园三结义 The triple oath 04 三顾茅庐 Three visits to thatched cottage 05 赤壁之战 Battle of Red Cliffs 06 三国时代 The Three Kingdoms 07 竹林七贤 The Seven Worthies of the Bamboo Grove 08 八王之乱 Turmoil of the Eight Princes 09 五胡乱华 The Period of Five Tartar Tribes Bringing Turmoil to China 10 衣冠南渡 The noble family migrate to south 11 渡江击楫 Crossing river and Beating oar to Vow 198 闻鸡起舞 Be up with the cock's crow 199枕戈待旦 Sleep with my spear ready 和“胡人” 有关的一些词 12 陶侃运砖惜分阴 Tao Kan moving bricks to train body and Mind 13 淝水之战 The Battle of the Fei River 14 南北朝 Southern and Northern Dynasties 15 魏文帝的汉化 Emperor Xiao-wen sinification 16 江南的开发 The development of the southern regions 17 门阀制度 The oligarchic system 18 洛阳纸贵 Paper becomes expensive in Luoyang 19 玄学与清谈 Abstruse Learning and Pure Conversation 20 顾恺之三绝 Gu Kai Zhi's three areas of excellence 21 书成换鹅 Exchange Goose for Wang's calligraphy 22 葛洪炼丹 Alchemist Ge Hong 23 田园诗人陶渊明 Pastoral poet Tao Yuanming 24 祖冲之的圆周率 Zu Chongzhi figure mathematics pi to the 7th decimal place 25 云岗与龙门的石窟 Yungang and Longmen Grottoes 26 法显取经 Faxian travelled to the West to obtain the Buddhist scripture

In modern times the coal capital of China, Datong was once the capital of empire and one of the most important cultural centres of northern China. A controversial reconstruction of its old city has attracted recent attention, but Datong’s lasting attraction is its artistic and architectural heritage. The Northern Wei (386-535), a dynasty founded by outsiders, established its capital in capital in Datong from 398 until 494. The artistic legacy of that period, the Buddhist carvings at the Yungang Grottoes, illustrates how foreign motifs and styles interacted with native Chinese aesthetics to establish forms that would dominate the iconography of East Asia. The city remained an important military, religious and mercantile centre throughout imperial China, with spectacular wooden temple architecture from the Liao and Jin dynasties (907–1271) is preserved to a greater extent here than in any other region of China.

Book Excerpt: terary ability and religious fervor to the spreading of the new religion and its success was in no small measure due to their efforts. As a result of this early association the tenets of the two religions seemed so much alike that various emperors called assemblies of Buddhists and Taoists with the intention of effecting a union of the two religions into one. If the emperor was under the influence of Buddhism he tried to force all Taoists to become Buddhists. If he was favorable to Taoism he tried to make all Buddhists become Taoists. But such mandates were as unsuccessful as other similar schemes have been. In the third century A. D. after the Han dynasty had ended, China was broken up into several small kingdoms which contended for supremacy, so that for about four hundred years the whole country was in a state of disunion. One of the strong dynasties of this period, the Northern Wei (386-535 A. D.), was distinctly loyal to Buddhism. During its continuance Buddhism prospered greatly. Although Chinese wer Read More

A Short History of the Chinese People by CARRINGTON GOODRICH. Contents include: Preface to the First Edition xiii Preface to the Third Edition xvii L The Beginnings of the Chinese i The Prehistoric Period The Historic Period the Shang ca. 1523-1028 B. C. The Chou ca. 1027-256 B. C. The Early Chou The Middle and Late Chou II. The First Empires 31 The Chin 221-207 B - C The Han The Early or Western Han 202 B. C.-A. D. 9 An Interregnum The Hsin Dynasty A. D. 9-23 The Later Han A. D. 25-220 Han Culture III. The Period of Political Disunion 58 The Three Kingdoms and Western Tsin A. D. 220-317 The Eastern Tsin and the Turkic Hsiung-nu Mongol Dynasties 317-420 The Wei in North China, and the Sung, Chi, Liang, and Chen Dynasties in the South 420-589 IV. A Reunited China The Sui and the Pang 590-906 The Sui 590-618 The Tang Dynasty 618-906 Religion and Culture Under the Sui and the Tang V. Disunion the Sung and the Partition of the North and Northwest 143 The Five Dynasties and the Ten Independent States The Sung 960-1279 The Khitan, Tangut, and Jurchen VI. The Mongols The Yttan Dynasty, 1260-1368 171 VII. A Chinese House The Ming, 1368-1644 189 VIII. The Ching, or Manchu, Dynasty 1644-1912 214 IX. The Republic 1912- 23 2 Appendixes Supplementary Readings 24-7 Chronological Table 259 Chronological Chart 261 List of Chinese Characters 263 Index 273 Paleolithic Sites in East Asia 3 Neolithic Sites in East Asia 6 Black Pottery Sites in China 9 Shang Dominion 1 1 Early Chou 20 Middle Chou 22 Late Chou 25 The First Empire Chin 33 The Han Empire 44 The Three Kingdoms 59 Routes of Chinese Pilgrims 107 Pang Empire 122 The Sung, Tangut Hsi-Hsia, and Liao Empires 147 The Mongol Empire 1 77 Ming 191 Cruises of Ming Admirals 1 93 Empire of the Manchus 217 Illustrations ILLUSTRATIONS WILL BE FOUND FOLLOWING PAGE 140 PLATE I. Digging for the remains of Paleolithic man, near Peking II. Gorillaj Peking manj modern Chinese j v Prehistoric painted pot from Kansu V. Early bronze vessel, ca. 1300-900 B. C. VI. White pottery vessel, ca. I2th century B. C. VII. Earliest known form of Chinese writing, ca. I2th cen tury B. C. VIII. Documents on wood of Han date IX. Sundial, with a reconstruction of the suggested form of gnomon in place X. How an ancient Chinese book was assembled XL House model painted pottery of Han dynasty 202 B. C.-A. D. 220 XII. Section of painting attributed to Ku K ai-chih fl. AJX. 350-400 XIII. Avalokitesvara, northern Wei dynasty A. D. 386-535 XIV. Detail, band of celestial musicians, from a stela, A. D. 551 XV. Front of a stupa, yth century A. D. XVL Kneeling Bodhisattva from Tunhuang, 8th century A. D. XVII. Bronze mirror, Tang dynasty A. D, 618-906 xi Xli ILLUSTRATIONS XVIII. Wall painting The fight for Buddhas relics, Tang dynasty A. D. 618-906 XIX. Pottery figurines Ladies playing polo, Tang dynasty A. D. 618-906 XX. Part of oldest extant printed book The Diamond Sutra scroll, A. D. 868 XXI. Bowl, Ting ware, Sung dynasty A. D. 960-1279 XXII. Painting Bare willows and distant mountains, by Ma Yuan . A. D. 1200 XXIII. A mountain scene in China XXIV. The imperial palace library, Chien-lung period A. D. 1736-1795, Peking XXV. Two varieties of ephedra Preface to the ffirst Edition THE history of the Chinese people cannot often enough be told. Old as it is, new light is being shed on it every year. Mean while the Chinese are making history before our eyes. We need, as never before, to understand how they have come in our time to make such a sacrificial defense of a way of life that is theirs as much as it is our own. The Chinese are different from us at the same time they are more like us than the people of India, of Annam, or of Japan...