Commercial Waxes Natural And Synthetic

COMMERCIAL WAXES NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC- Including Properties, Uses, Methods of Handling and Formulas for Making Commercial Wax Compositions. A SYMPOSIUM AND COMPILATION Edited by H. BENNETT. PREFACE: Natural waxes and wax-lifle materials have been used, from time immemorial, for candles, waterproofing, sealing, decorative, preservative, and other purposes. Synthetic waxes and wax-like materials, developed in the last decade, are finding increasing use and are supplanting natural waxes for many purposes. Since different waxes have different properties, each one is used to obtain certain end results. Whereas certain waxes are used alone, as paraffin wax in waxed papers, other uses require com binations of different waxes, resins, etc., to obtain a desired result. Because there is no one source of information available on the waxes used in industry, the writer was asked to prepare a book on commercial waxes for the chemist, engineer, superin tendent, purchasing agent, and student. It is hoped that this book will be helpful to these and others who are interested in commercial waxes and wax compositions. Much of the data given herein is from the writer's own laboratory and has never been disclosed. Grateful acknowledgment is made to Allan B. Olsen, both for data supplied by him and his constructive criticism of the manuscript. H. BENNETT. Contents include: PREFACE iii INTRODUCTION xi ABBREVIATIONS xv I. NATURAL WAXES 1 Mineral Waxes 1 Paraffin Wax 1 Macrocrystalline Waxes 60 Petrolatum Wax 68 Ozokerite 68 Ceresin 71 Utah Wax 71 Montan Wax 72 Vegetable Waxes 73 Botanical Origin of Waxes 73 Solubility of Vegetable Waxes 74 Carnauba Wax 74 Candelilla Wax . . .: 77 Japan Wax 79 Ucuhuba Wax 80 Bayberry Wax 80 Ouricury Wax 81 Cocoa Butter 82 Fiber Wax 82 Cotton Wax 83 Flax Wax 84 Sugar Cane Wax 84 Animal Waxes 85 Spermaceti 85 v vi Table of Contents CHAPTER PAGE I. NATURAL WAXES ( Cont.): Insect Waxes 86 Beeswax 86 Chinese Wax 89 Shellac Wax 89 II. MANUFACTURED AND SYNTHETIC WAXES 91 Fatty Alcohols 91 Cetyl Alcohol 91 Lanette Wax 93 Technical Stearyl Alcohol 94 Fatty Acids 94 Stearic Acid 94 Palmitic Acid 97 Myristic Acid 98 Distilled Fatty Acids 99 Polyglycols 101 Carbowax 101 Polyhydric Alcohol Fatty Acid Esters 105 Glyceryl Stearates 105 Glycol Stearates 107 Sorbitol Stearates 110 Pentaerythritol Stearates Ill Pentawaxes Ill Hydrogenated Oils Ill Opalwax 112 Chlorinated Naphthalenes 117 Halowax 117 Seekay Wax 117 Acrawaxes 119 Acrawax B 120 Acrawax C 121 I. G. Waxes 123 Miscellaneous Synthetic Waxes 127 Albacer 128 Adheso Wax 128 Table of Contents vii CHAPTER PAGE II. MANUFACTURED AND SYNTHETIC ' WAXES ( Cont.): Miscellaneous Synthetic Waxes ( Cont.): B. Z. Wax A 129 Ceraflux ( Tech) 129 Diolin 129 Flexo Wax C 130 Gelowax 130 Glycowax A 131 Nipocer 131 Ozowax 132 Rezowax A 132 Rezowax B 132 Stroba Wax 133 Ketones, Amines, Amides, Nitriles 133 16-Hentriacontanone 133 Octadecyl-Hexadecyl Amine 135 Octadecylamine 135 CD Amides 136 Octadecanamide-Hexadecanamide 139 Octadecane nitrile 140 Octadecane-Hexadecane Nitrile 140 Santowaxes 141 Santowax OSA and Santowax PSA 148 Santowax R ( Regular) 148 III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WAXES AND WAX COMPOSITIONS 153 IV. WAX TECHNOLOGY 233 Commercial Wax Solutions 253 Emulsions 261 V. WAXES IN INDUSTRY 267 Dental Waxes 267 Lipsticks 268.

Contents - PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION - PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION - INTRODUCTION - ABBREVIATIONS - 1. NATURAL WAXES - Mineral Waxes: Paraffin Wax; Microcrystalline Waxes; Petrolatum Wax; Ozokerite; Ceresin; Utah Wax; Montan Wax - Vegetable Waxes: Botanical Origin of Waxes - Solubility of Vegetable Waxes - Carnauba Wax - Flower Wax - First Wax - Medium Wax - Sandy Wax - Fat Wax - Candelilla Wax - Japan Wax - Ucuhuba Wax - 2. MANUFACTURED AND SYNTHETIC WAXES - Fatty Alcohols: Cetyl Alcohol; Lanette Wax; Technical Stearyl Alcohol - Fatty Acids: Stearic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Myristic Acid; Distilled Fatty Acids; Solubility of Fatty Acids - Polyglycols: Carbowaxes - Polyhydric Alcohol Fatty Acid Esters: Glyceryl Stearates - Glycol Fatty-Acid Esters - Sorbitol Stearates - Pentawaxes - Hydrogenated Oils: Opalwax - Chlorinated Naphthalenes: Halowax; Seekay Wax - Acrawaxes: Acrawax B; Acrawax C. - I. G. Waxes - Miscellaneous Synthetic Waxes - COMMERCIAL WAXES - Albacer - Diolin- Flexo Wax - C-Glyco Waxes- Stroba Wax - Ketones, Amines, Amides, and Nitriles- 16-Hentriacontanone - Octadecyl-Hexadecyl Amine - Octadecylamine- Armids- Octadecanamide-Hexadecanamide - Octadecane Nitrile-Octadecane-Hexadecane Nitrile - Santowaxes - Santowax R - Alcowaxes - Alcowax-M - Alcowax-G - 3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WAXES AND WAX COMPOSITIONS - Increasing the Viscosity of Molten Waxes - Penetration - Surface Tension of Waxes - Adhesiveness - Increasing Compatibility - Raising the Melting Point of Waxes: Raising the Melting Point of Petrolatum - Effects of a Wax Sizing on the Moisture Absorption of Insulating Board - Pliolite-Paraffin Wax Compositions - Specific Heat of Petroleum Waxes - Melting Points of Binary Wax Mixtures - Solubility of Waxes: Solubility of Waxes in Different Solvents - Compatibility of Paraffin Waxes with Other Substances - Compatibility of Mixed Fatty Acids - Compounded Waxes - 4. WAX TECHNOLOGY - Adulteration - Quality Variations Simple Tests: Melting Point - Specific Gravity - Moisture and Insoluble Matter - Accurate Determination of Specific Gravity: Preparation of Sample - Determination of Specific Gravity at 25/25°C - Identification of Mixed Waxes: Schematic Outline for Identification - Separation and Comparison of the Properties of the Wax Components - Spermaceti - Beeswax - Carnauba Wax - Candelilla Wax - Montan Wax - Paraffin Wax - Ozokerite - 5. WAXES IN INDUSTRY - Dental Waxes: Method of Producing Base-Plate Wax - Lipsticks - Pharmaceutical Preparations - Embalming Preparations - Pyrotechnics - Candles: Wicks- Winding- Candle Sizes - Machinery - Wax Candles - Paraffin Candles - Temperature Control-Colors, Sizes, and Shapes - Standard Candle - Melting Point of Wax Mixtures - Congealing Point of Candles - Leather Finishes - Paper Finishes - Waterproofing Kraft Papers - Evaluation of Waxes for Paper Board: Stain and Flow Test at 130°F - Softening and Melting Point - Flexibility and Strength - Viscosity - Surface Tension - Permeability - Degree of Impregnation - Effect of Wax on the Strength of Board - Electrolyte Penetration Test - 6. GLOSSARY - SPECIAL TABLES AND SUBSTITUTES 7. WAX FORMULARY - Adhesives and Cements - Agricultural and Garden Specialties - Building Materials- Carbon Paper, Inks, and Crayons - Cosmetics and Medicinal Preparations - Dental Preparations - Emulsions - Full TOC available on Website

Contents - Introduction - Abbreviations - PART 1. NATURAL WAXES - 1. PARAFFIN WAX - Occurrence in Nature - Composition of Petroleum - Grades of Paraffin Wax - Manufacture of Paraffin Waxes - Composition of Paraffin Waxes - Properties of Paraffin Waxes - Wax-Oil Mixtures - Miscellaneous Data - Physical Properties of Some Commercial Waxes - 2. MICROCRYSTALLINE WAXES - Differences Between Microcrystalline and Paraffin Waxes - Fractional Crystallization of Petroleum Waxes - Properties of Microcrystalline Waxes - Oxidized Microcrystalline Waxes - Petrolatum - Uses of Microcrystalline Waxes - Miscellaneous Data - Properties of Some Commercial Microcrystalline Waxes - 3. OTHER MINERAL WAXES - Montan Wax - Lignite Wax - Ozocerite - Ceresin - Utah Wax - Peat Wax - 4. VEGETABLE WAXES - Bayberry - Candelilla - Carnauba - Cotton - Esparto - Fir - Japan - Ouricury - Palm - Rice-Oil - Sugar Cane - Ucuhuba - Cocoa Butter - 5. ANIMAL WAXES - Beeswax - Chinese Wax - Shellac Wax - Spermaceti - Wool Wax - PART 2. : SYNTHETIC WAXES 6. FATTY ALCOHOLS AND ACID - Cetyl Alcohol - Lanette Wax - Stearyl Alcohol - Stearic Acid - Palmitic Acid - Myristic Acid - 7. FATTY ACID ESTERS AND GLYCERIDES - Glyceryl Stearates - Glycol Fatty-Acid Stearates - Sorbitol Stearates - Polyethylene Glycol Stearates - Properties of Selected Commercial Products - 8. HYDROGENATED OILS - Properties of Selected Commercial Products - 9. KETONES, AMINES, AMIDES - Stearone, Laurone - Aliphatic Amines - Aliphatic Amides - Properties of Some Commercial Products - 10. CHLORONAPHTHALENES - 11. SYNTHETIC MINERAL WAXES - Fisher-Tropsch Waxes - Duroxon Waxes - 12. SYNTHETIC ANIMAL WAXES - Synthetic Beeswax - Modified Spermaceti Waxes - Modified Lanolin Waxes - 13. MISCELLANEOUS SYNTHETIC WAXES - Oxazoline - Experimental Waxes -

Natural and Synthetic Waxes A compilation of all relevant information for the production and use of waxes in technical applications Waxes are among the oldest organic substances used by mankind. Before all others, beeswax is known to have played a role in human history for thousands of years. But over time, many other wax species have been detected and exploited, and prepared for different utilizations. Today, we possess knowledge of a great variety of different types of waxes. Unfortunately, there still is no broadly accepted definition of a wax: for the relatively few wax chemists, waxes are usually defined by their physico-chemical properties more than by their chemical constitution. Waxes are not uniform but oligomeric and polymeric substances, not simply describable with a chemical formula. The realm of waxes encompasses fully or partly natural, refined, partly or fully synthetic products, which can be extended by “wax-like” products which do not fulfil all definition criteria. Waxes are offered in different forms like pellets, granules, powders, or micropowders. Their number of technical applications runs into thousands. However, waxes in most cases are just adjuvants or additives, and with few exceptions like candles not known to a broader public. Only few publications over the last decades tried to present a more comprehensive overview of heir chemistry, chemical composition, their physical and analytical properties, their applications, and their sometimes astonishing history. Based on personal experience and expertise, the authors intend to present an overview on the main classes of waxes, their origin, history, future, and potential fate. Economical aspects like market size and development, ecological impacts and challenges, and regulatory issues are also addressed. Waxes are indispensable products in everyday life and in industry and technology, though mostly not even visible or distinguishable to experts. They deserve more than the role of a “poor cousin” in chemistry and technology.

Wax and polishes are used for many purposes. Wax has their principal use in waterproofing; they are mainly consumed industrially as components of complex formulations, often for coatings. Waxes confer matting effects and wear resistance to paints. Although most natural waxes are esters, paraffin waxes are hydrocarbons, mixtures of alkanes usually in a homologous series of chain lengths. These materials represent a significant fraction of petroleum. They are refined by vacuum distillation. The degree of branching has an important influence on the properties. Millions of tons of paraffin waxes are produced annually. They are used in adhesives, in foods (such as chewing gum and cheese wrapping), in cosmetics, and as coatings. Paraffin wax is typical of the agents that are coated on a film or sheet, one that really melt. Waxed paper, still the most widely used heat sealing material, was the earliest product to bring the advantages of heat sealing to packaging. Paraffin wax is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with an average melting point. The FT waxes are purely synthetic polymers of carbon monoxide and hydrogen which can be best be described chemically as mineral waxes. Duroxons of the B group also serve as additives in the manufacture of lubricating greases for the purpose of raising their dropping point and improving the consistency. There are various types of mineral waxes; lignite wax, montan wax, durmont wax, ozocerite wax, utah wax, peat wax etc. Utah waxes are successfully utilized in dance floor wax, linoleum wax, shoe polish etc. Some other important uses of waxes are in candles, polishes, electrical insulation, coatings and carbon paper. There are various types of polishes having industrial and domestic applications; abrasive polish, aluminium polish, motor car polishes, cellulose friction polishes, furniture polishes, leather belt polishes, pine oil metal polish etc. For many years, petroleum wax was considered a byproduct of lubricant base stock production, it has come onto its own over the last decade and is considered by most refiners to be a relatively high margin product and is often an important contributor to the overall profitability of the refinery. Pure paraffin wax is an excellent electrical insulator. There are many refineries in India which have with fuel, lube, wax and petrochemical feed stocks production facilities. Mineral waxes (including petroleum) account for an estimated 85% of this global demand, with synthetic waxes accounting for 10% and animal and vegetable waxes, accounting for 5%. Wax consumption is expected to grow at an average annual growth rate of 1% in this decade. Clearly, different regions and different product applications will enjoy different growth rates. This book basically deals with microcrystalline waxes in floor polishes, properties of braxilian grades of carnauba wax, compatibility of paraffin waxes with other substances, synthetic mineral waxes, miscellaneous synthetic waxes, additives for raising melting point of candles, wax coating for fruits, shribs, and plants, effect of paraffin on esparto montan mixtures, water proofing of kraft papers, production of montan wax, polish, abrasives, metal cleaners, nickel silver castings, cleaning, polishing metals for metallographic analysis, paste for wax calf leather, burnishing polishes for automobile maintenance, etc. The purpose of this book is to present comprehensive information of different types of wax and polishes like their processing, properties and uses. This book is very useful for new entrepreneurs, technocrats, professionals and researchers. TAGS Automobile polish, Best small and cottage scale industries, braxilian grades of carnauba wax, Bright Drying Floor Polish Emulsion, Buffing Compounds, Burnishing polishes for automobile, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Cream Buffing Wax, Dance Floor Wax, Diamond abrasive, Floor Polish, Floor wax, Formula of Waxes and Polishes, Formulae of Waxes and Polishes, Formulation of Polishes, Formulation of Wax, Furniture Cleaner, Furniture Polish, Furniture Wax Polish, Glass Polish Manufacturing, How furniture polish is made, how to Start a Floor Polishing, Waxing, & Cleaning Materials Business, How to Start a Polish Production Business, How to Start a Polish Production Industry?, How to start a successful Polish manufacturing business, How to start a successful Wax manufacturing business, How to Start a Wax Production Business, How to Start a Wax Production Industry?, How to Start Polish manufacturing Industry in India, How to Start Wax manufacturing Industry in India, Industrial Uses of Wax, Jewelry Polish Manufacturing, Manufacturing Process of floor polishes, Manufacturing Process of Metal polishes, Manufacturing Process of Polishes, Manufacturing Process of Wax, Manufacturing Process of Wax and Polishes with Formulations, Metal Cleaning and Polishing Cloth, Metal Polish, Microcrystalline waxes in floor polishes, Microcrystalline Waxes manufacturing, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Polish manufacturing Business Ideas, Most Profitable Wax manufacturing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Polish manufacturing industry, New small scale ideas in Wax manufacturing industry, Nickel silver castings, Oil Polishes, Paraffin Wax manufacturing, Paraffin waxes, Polish making Business, Polish making machine factory, Polish Making Small Business Manufacturing, Polish Production Industry in India, Polish, Abrasives, Metal Cleaners manufacturing, Preparation of Project Profiles, Process technology book on polish, Process technology book on wax, Process technology books, Production of Commercial Wood Polish Wax, Production of montan wax, Production of Polish Shoe & Floor, Production of Shoe Polishes, Production of Vegetable Waxes, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Polish Manufacturing, Profitable Small Scale Wax Manufacturing, Rubber Polishes, Rubber Wax Floor Polish, Setting up and opening your Polish Business, Setting up and opening your Wax Business, Shoe Creams, Silver Polish Manufacturing, Small scale Commercial Polish making, Small scale Commercial Wax making, Small Scale Polish manufacturing, Small scale Polish Production line, Small Scale Wax manufacturing, Small scale Wax Production line, Small Start-up Business Project, Start up India, Stand up India, Starting a Polish manufacturing Business, Starting a Wax manufacturing Business, Startup, Start-up Business Plan for Polish, Start-up Business Plan for Wax, Startup ideas, Startup Project for Wax and Polish, Synthetic Abrasive, Synthetic Mineral Waxes manufacturing, Synthetic mineral waxes, Technology Book on Wax and Polishes, Vegetable Waxes manufacturing, Wax coating for fruits, Wax making Business, Wax Making Small Business Manufacturing, Wax Polish For Car, Wax Polishes, Wax Production Industry in India

Some vols. include Buyers' guide.