Content Based Image Retrieval Using Visual Features

Present day applications require various kinds of images and pictures as a source of information for interpretation and analysis .Recently, digital content has become a significant and inevitable asset for any enterprise and the need for visual content management is on the rise as well. There has been an increase in attention towards the automated management and retrieval of digital images owing to the drastic development in the number and size of image databases. A significant and increasingly popular approach that aids in the retrieval of image data from a huge collection is called Content-based image retrieval (CBIR). Content-based image retrieval has attracted voluminous research in the last decade paving way for development of numerous techniques and systems besides creating interest on fields that support these systems. CBIR indexes the images based on the features obtained from visual content so as to facilitate speedy retrieval. This report discusses the state of the art of the content based image retrieval highlighting the main components and reviewing various approaches of CBIR focusing on efficiency of retrieval.

What is Content Based Image Retrieval Content-based image retrieval, also known as query by image content and content-based visual information retrieval (CBVIR), is the application of computer vision techniques to the problem of image retrieval, which is the difficulty of searching for digital images in big databases. Other names for this technique include content-based visual information retriev. In contrast to the conventional concept-based methods, content-based picture retrieval is a more recent development. How you will benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Content-based image retrieval Chapter 2: Information retrieval Chapter 3: Image retrieval Chapter 4: Automatic image annotation Chapter 5: Tag cloud Chapter 6: Video search engine Chapter 7: Image organizer Chapter 8: Image meta search Chapter 9: Reverse image search Chapter 10: Visual search engine (II) Answering the public top questions about content based image retrieval. (III) Real world examples for the usage of content based image retrieval in many fields. Who this book is for Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of Content Based Image Retrieval.

Content-Based Image And Video Retrieval addresses the basic concepts and techniques for designing content-based image and video retrieval systems. It also discusses a variety of design choices for the key components of these systems. This book gives a comprehensive survey of the content-based image retrieval systems, including several content-based video retrieval systems. The survey includes both research and commercial content-based retrieval systems. Content-Based Image And Video Retrieval includes pointers to two hundred representative bibliographic references on this field, ranging from survey papers to descriptions of recent work in the area, entire books and more than seventy websites. Finally, the book presents a detailed case study of designing MUSE–a content-based image retrieval system developed at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida.

Visual information retrieval (VIR) is an active and vibrant research area, which attempts at providing means for organizing, indexing, annotating, and retrieving visual information (images and videos) from large, unstructured repositories. The goal of VIR is to retrieve matches ranked by their relevance to a given query, which is often expressed as an example image and/or a series of keywords. During its early years (1995-2000), the research efforts were dominated by content-based approaches contributed primarily by the image and video processing community. During the past decade, it was widely recognized that the challenges imposed by the lack of coincidence between an image's visual contents and its semantic interpretation, also known as semantic gap, required a clever use of textual metadata (in addition to information extracted from the image's pixel contents) to make image and video retrieval solutions efficient and effective. The need to bridge (or at least narrow) the semantic gap has been one of the driving forces behind current VIR research. Additionally, other related research problems and market opportunities have started to emerge, offering a broad range of exciting problems for computer scientists and engineers to work on. In this introductory book, we focus on a subset of VIR problems where the media consists of images, and the indexing and retrieval methods are based on the pixel contents of those images -- an approach known as content-based image retrieval (CBIR). We present an implementation-oriented overview of CBIR concepts, techniques, algorithms, and figures of merit. Most chapters are supported by examples written in Java, using Lucene (an open-source Java-based indexing and search implementation) and LIRE (Lucene Image REtrieval), an open-source Java-based library for CBIR. Table of Contents: Introduction / Information Retrieval: Selected Concepts and Techniques / Visual Features / Indexing Visual Features / LIRE: An Extensible Java CBIR Library / Concluding Remarks

Everything you ever wanted to know about multimedia retrieval and management. This comprehensive book offers a full picture of the cutting-edge technologies necessary for a profound introduction to the field. Leading experts also cover a broad range of practical applications.

Content-based Image Retrieval (CBIR) ist ein Verfahren zum Auffinden von Bildern in großen Datenbanken wie z. B. dem Internet anhand ihres Inhalts. Ausgehend von einem vom Nutzer bereitgestellten Anfragebild, gibt das System eine sortierte Liste ähnlicher Bilder zurück. Der Großteil moderner CBIR-Systeme vergleicht Bilder ausschließlich anhand ihrer visuellen Ähnlichkeit, d.h. dem Vorhandensein ähnlicher Texturen, Farbkompositionen etc. Jedoch impliziert visuelle Ähnlichkeit nicht zwangsläufig auch semantische Ähnlichkeit. Zum Beispiel können Bilder von Schmetterlingen und Raupen als ähnlich betrachtet werden, weil sich die Raupe irgendwann in einen Schmetterling verwandelt. Optisch haben sie jedoch nicht viel gemeinsam. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt eine Methode vor, welche solch menschliches Vorwissen über die Semantik der Welt in Deep-Learning-Verfahren integriert. Als Quelle für dieses Wissen dienen Taxonomien, die für eine Vielzahl von Domänen verfügbar sind und hierarchische Beziehungen zwischen Konzepten kodieren (z.B., ein Pudel ist ein Hund ist ein Tier etc.). Diese hierarchiebasierten semantischen Bildmerkmale verbessern die semantische Konsistenz der CBIR-Ergebnisse im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Repräsentationen und Merkmalen erheblich. Darüber hinaus werden drei verschiedene Mechanismen für interaktives Image Retrieval präsentiert, welche die den Anfragebildern inhärente semantische Ambiguität durch Einbezug von Benutzerfeedback auflösen. Eine der vorgeschlagenen Methoden reduziert das erforderliche Feedback mithilfe von Clustering auf einen einzigen Klick, während eine andere den Nutzer kontinuierlich involviert, indem das System aktiv nach Feedback zu denjenigen Bildern fragt, von denen der größte Erkenntnisgewinn bezüglich des Relevanzmodells erwartet wird. Die dritte Methode ermöglicht dem Benutzer die Auswahl besonders interessanter Bildbereiche zur Fokussierung der Ergebnisse. Diese Techniken liefern bereits nach wenigen Feedbackrunden deutlich relevantere Ergebnisse, was die Gesamtmenge der abgerufenen Bilder reduziert, die der Benutzer überprüfen muss, um relevante Bilder zu finden. Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) aims for finding images in large databases such as the internet based on their content. Given an exemplary query image provided by the user, the retrieval system provides a ranked list of similar images. Most contemporary CBIR systems compare images solely by means of their visual similarity, i.e., the occurrence of similar textures and the composition of colors. However, visual similarity does not necessarily coincide with semantic similarity. For example, images of butterflies and caterpillars can be considered as similar, because the caterpillar turns into a butterfly at some point in time. Visually, however, they do not have much in common. In this work, we propose to integrate such human prior knowledge about the semantics of the world into deep learning techniques. Class hierarchies serve as a source for this knowledge, which are readily available for a plethora of domains and encode is-a relationships (e.g., a poodle is a dog is an animal etc.). Our hierarchy-based semantic embeddings improve the semantic consistency of CBIR results substantially compared to conventional image representations and features. We furthermore present three different mechanisms for interactive image retrieval by incorporating user feedback to resolve the inherent semantic ambiguity present in the query image. One of the proposed methods reduces the required user feedback to a single click using clustering, while another keeps the human in the loop by actively asking for feedback regarding those images which are expected to improve the relevance model the most. The third method allows the user to select particularly interesting regions in images. These techniques yield more relevant results after a few rounds of feedback, which reduces the total amount of retrieved images the user needs to inspect to find relevant ones.

Content-based image retrieval is the set of techniques for retrieving relevant images from an image database on the basis of automatically derived image features. The need for efficient content-based image re trieval has increased tremendously in many application areas such as biomedicine, the military, commerce, education, and Web image clas sification and searching. In the biomedical domain, content-based im age retrieval can be used in patient digital libraries, clinical diagnosis, searching of 2-D electrophoresis gels, and pathology slides. I started my work on content-based image retrieval in 1995 when I was with Stanford University. The project was initiated by the Stan ford University Libraries and later funded by a research grant from the National Science Foundation. The goal was to design and implement a computer system capable of indexing and retrieving large collections of digitized multimedia data available in the libraries based on the media contents. At the time, it seemed reasonable to me that I should discover the solution to the image retrieval problem during the project. Experi ence has certainly demonstrated how far we are as yet from solving this basic problem.

What is Image Retrieval An image retrieval system is a computer system used for browsing, searching and retrieving images from a large database of digital images. Most traditional and common methods of image retrieval utilize some method of adding metadata such as captioning, keywords, title or descriptions to the images so that retrieval can be performed over the annotation words. Manual image annotation is time-consuming, laborious and expensive; to address this, there has been a large amount of research done on automatic image annotation. Additionally, the increase in social web applications and the semantic web have inspired the development of several web-based image annotation tools. How you will benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Image retrieval Chapter 2: Information retrieval Chapter 3: Content-based image retrieval Chapter 4: Automatic image annotation Chapter 5: Google Images Chapter 6: Image meta-search Chapter 7: Visual search engine Chapter 8: Reverse image search Chapter 9: TinEye Chapter 10: Image collection exploration (II) Answering the public top questions about image retrieval. (III) Real world examples for the usage of image retrieval in many fields. Who this book is for Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of Image Retrieval.