Developing Costimulatory Molecules For Immunotherapy Of Diseases

Developing Costimulatory Molecules for Immunotherapy of Diseases highlights the novel concept of reverse costimulation and how it can be effectively exploited to develop immunotherapy using either humanized antibodies against CD80, CD86, and other costimulatory molecules or CD28 fusinogenic proteins in the treatment of diseases, including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus nephritis, severe psoriasis, vulgaris tuberculosis, thopoid, transplantation therapeutic, cancer, and inflammation. The text aims to provide the latest information on the complex roles and interactions within the CD28 and B7 costimulatory families, with the hope that targeting these families will yield new therapies for the treatment of inflammation, autoimmunity, transplantation, cancer, and other infectious diseases. Highlights the novel concept of reverse costimulation and how it can be effectively exploited to develop immunotherapy Provides the latest information on the complex roles and interactions within the CD28 and B7 costimulatory families Targets new therapies for the treatment of inflammation, autoimmunity, transplantation, cancer, and other infectious diseases

Cancer is one of the most prominent causes of mortality in children and adults causing about 9 million deaths annually, is a major health problem worldwide. The transformation of normal cells to cancer cells may arise due to dysregulation of oncogenes, tumor suppressors and/or stability genes. These transformed cells are sensed by the cells of the immune system, especially T cells, through specific receptors for an effective immune response. But unfortunately even after the interaction with T cells, an effective immune response is not generated. Considering the importance of costimulation in the regulation of immune responses against relapsed cancer, the manipulation of this pathway to increase immunity, regress the growth, augment the expression of pro-apoptotic molecules and induce the apoptosis of lymphomas represents a potential therapeutic approach. This novel strategy of costimuilation activation/inhibition can be effectively exploited to develop immunotherapy either using humanized antibodies against CD80, CD86 and CD40 or CD28 fusogenic proteins for the treatment of intracellular pathogens like M. tuberculosis, HIV, L. donovani, T. cruzi, etc. This strategy can also be used as an alternative strategy or in combination with the drugs. Since this approach is based on modulating the immune system of the hosts rather than targeting the pathogen; hence it significantly diminishes chance of emergence of drug resistant strains of pathogens and if applied properly, may overcome the rising menace of infectious diseases. The potent role of costimulatory molecules is aptly established in the optimum activation of T cells and APCs; the cells that play a cardinal role in curbing the infections. Hence, immunotherapy involving costimulatory molecules can be a breakthrough strategy to treat various diseases, minimizing side effects inflicted by drug therapies and in restricting the emergence of drug resistance.

Cancer is one of the most prominent causes of mortality in children and adults causing about 9 million deaths annually, is a major health problem world-wide. The transformation of normal cells to cancer cells may arise due to dysregulation of oncogenes, tumour suppressers and/or stability genes. These transformed cells are sensed by the cells of the immune system, especially T cells, through specific receptors for an effective immune response. But unfortunately even after the interaction with T cells, an effective immune response is not generated. Considering the importance of costimulation in the regulation of immune responses against relapsed cancer, the manipulation of this pathway to increase immunity, regress the growth, augment the expression of pro-apoptotic molecules and induce the apoptosis of lymphomas represents a potential therapeutic approach. This novel strategy of costimuilation activation/inhibition can be effectively exploited to develop immunotherapy either using humanised antibodies against CD80, CD86 and CD40 or CD28 fusogenic proteins for the treatment of intracellular pathogens like M. tuberculosis, HIV, L donovani, T cruzi, etc. This strategy can also be used as an alternative strategy or in combination with the drugs. Since this approach is based on modulating the immune system of the hosts rather than targeting the pathogen; hence it significantly diminishes chance of emergence of drug resistant strains of pathogens and if applied properly, may overcome the rising menace of infectious diseases. The potent role of costimulatory molecules is aptly established in the optimum activation of T cells and APCs; the cells that play a cardinal role in curbing the infections. Hence, immunotherapy involving costimulatory molecules can be a breakthrough strategy to treat various diseases, minimising side effects inflicted by drug therapies and in restricting the emergence of drug resistance.

Proteomics: A Promising Approach for Cancer Research provides an updated overview of scientific knowledge, achievements and findings in the field of cancer proteomics. The book discusses topics such as the use of proteomics in cancer biology and drug discovery, its role in surgical oncology, applications of mass spectrometry, target proteomics, single-cell proteomics, and next-generation proteomics. In addition, it discusses proteomics and phosphor-proteomics in cancer precision medicine; translation of proteomics research into clinical application; and challenges and future developments of the field. This will be a valuable resource for cancer researchers, oncologists, graduate students, and members of biomedical field who are interested in the potential of proteomics in cancer research and treatment. The field of cancer proteomics is very dynamic, with emerging trends related to clinical solutions developed in recent years, therefore this book's content helps readers get up-to-speed on the topic to easily apply learnings into their research or clinical practice. Provides up-to-date information on current cancer proteomics research developed globally Presents basic research aspects to clinical implications of proteomics on cancer diagnosis and potential treatments Discusses challenges and future developments of the field to leverage further research and applicability in clinical setting

The Cytokines of the Immune System catalogs cytokines and links them to physiology and pathology, providing a welcome and hugely timely tool for scientists in all related fields. In cataloguing cytokines, it lists their potential for therapeutic use, links them to disease treatments needing further research and development, and shows their utility for learning about the immune system. This book offers a new approach in the study of cytokines by combining detailed guidebook-style cytokine description, disease linking, and presentation of immunologic roles. Supplies new ideas for basic and clinical research Provides cytokine descriptions in a guidebook-style, cataloging the origins, structures, functions, receptors, disease-linkage, and therapeutic potentials Offers a textbook-style view on the immune system with the immunologic role of each cytokine

Cytokine and Chemokine Networks in Cancer" provides a comprehensive exploration of the roles of cytokines and chemokines in cancer biology. It offers valuable insights into their diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications, making it a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and students interested in the field of cancer immunology and therapy. This book illustrates the importance and significance of the cytokine and chemokine signaling networks in tumor development and progression. It describes the complex networks mediated by cytokine and chemokine receptors promoting tumor cell proliferation, site-directed metastasis, and activation of angiogenic switch in tumor cells. The books also shed light on the heterogeneity of cytokines and chemokine in solid malignancies and their impact on tumor progression and therapeutic outcomes. The chapters provide current information about the types of cytokine-chemokine interactions in promoting cancer stem cell-like characteristics, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment. The significance of the complex interactions in cancer biology in the light of therapeutic resistance is also highlighted. The chapters also describe recent advancements in the therapeutic potential of targeting the pro-tumor cytokine and chemokine networks and limiting tumor cell metastasis. Finally, the book also provides a comprehensive yet representative description of a large number of challenges associated with targeting these vital chemokine-cytokine networks. Given its content, the book provides valuable information for researchers in the field of cancer biology and molecular medicine.

In this book we provide insights into liver – cancer and immunology. Experts in the field provide an overview over fundamental immunological questions in liver cancer and tumorimmunology, which form the base for immune based approaches in HCC, which gain increasing interest in the community due to first promising results obtained in early clinical trials. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer related death in the United States. Treatment options are limited. Viral hepatitis is one of the major risk factors for HCC, which represents a typical “inflammation-induced” cancer. Immune-based treatment approaches have revolutionized oncology in recent years. Various treatment strategies have received FDA approval including dendritic cell vaccination, for prostate cancer as well as immune checkpoint inhibition targeting the CTLA4 or the PD1/PDL1 axis in melanoma, lung, and kidney cancer. Additionally, cell based therapies (adoptive T cell therapy, CAR T cells and TCR transduced T cells) have demonstrated significant efficacy in patients with B cell malignancies and melanoma. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in particular have generated enormous excitement across the entire field of oncology, providing a significant benefit to a minority of patients.

Considering the global emerging human pathogenic microbial diseases and trends, Human Pathogenic Microbes is framed to provide deep insights into the epidemic and emerging bacterial and fungal infections and diseases in humans. It presents novel, up-to-date, and cutting-edge knowledge regarding various human pathogenic microbes, their associated drug resistance mechanisms, and different diseases caused by them. Human Pathogenic Microbes reflects the current research and development on the evolution of bacterial and fungal drug resistance: different bacterial and fungal antimicrobial drug resistance mechanisms along with their biological and molecular aspects. In a nutshell, Human Pathogenic Microbes describes a various bacterial and fungal diseases caused by different human pathogenic microbes employing different drug resistance mechanisms and processes. It also highlights the novel emerging approaches (Immunological and combinatorial) that will aid to fight against such bacterial and fungal pathogens. Provides a brief but thorough and recent knowledge of various human pathogenic microbes, their associated drug resistance mechanisms, and different diseases caused by them Describes the different aspects of fungal, bacterial and antimicrobial resistance Addresses novel antimicrobial agents and approaches