Digital Modeling Of Material Appearance

Computer graphics systems are capable of generating stunningly realistic images of objects that have never physically existed. In order for computers to create these accurately detailed images, digital models of appearance must include robust data to give viewers a credible visual impression of the depicted materials. In particular, digital models demonstrating the nuances of how materials interact with light are essential to this capability. Digital Modeling of Material Appearance is the first comprehensive work on the digital modeling of material appearance: it explains how models from physics and engineering are combined with keen observation skills for use in computer graphics rendering. Written by the foremost experts in appearance modeling and rendering, this book is for practitioners who want a general framework for understanding material modeling tools, and also for researchers pursuing the development of new modeling techniques. The text is not a "how to" guide for a particular software system. Instead, it provides a thorough discussion of foundations and detailed coverage of key advances. Practitioners and researchers in applications such as architecture, theater, product development, cultural heritage documentation, visual simulation and training, as well as traditional digital application areas such as feature film, television, and computer games, will benefit from this much needed resource. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Julie Dorsey and Holly Rushmeier are professors in the Computer Science Department at Yale University and co-directors of the Yale Computer Graphics Group. François Sillion is a senior researcher with INRIA (Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique), and director of its Grenoble Rhône-Alpes research center. First comprehensive treatment of the digital modeling of material appearance Provides a foundation for modeling appearance, based on the physics of how light interacts with materials, how people perceive appearance, and the implications of rendering appearance on a digital computer An invaluable, one-stop resource for practitioners and researchers in a variety of fields dealing with the digital modeling of material appearance

A principal aim of computer graphics is to generate images that look as real as photographs. Realistic computer graphics imagery has however proven to be quite challenging to produce, since the appearance of materials arises from complicated physical processes that are difficult to analytically model and simulate, and image-based modeling of real material samples is often impractical due to the high-dimensional space of appearance data that needs to be acquired. This book presents a general framework based on the inherent coherency in the appearance data of materials to make image-based appearance modeling more tractable. We observe that this coherence manifests itself as low-dimensional structure in the appearance data, and by identifying this structure we can take advantage of it to simplify the major processes in the appearance modeling pipeline. This framework consists of two key components, namely the coherence structure and the accompanying reconstruction method to fully recover the low-dimensional appearance data from sparse measurements. Our investigation of appearance coherency has led to three major forms of low-dimensional coherence structure and three types of coherency-based reconstruction upon which our framework is built. This coherence-based approach can be comprehensively applied to all the major elements of image-based appearance modeling, from data acquisition of real material samples to user-assisted modeling from a photograph, from synthesis of volumes to editing of material properties, and from efficient rendering algorithms to physical fabrication of objects. In this book we present several techniques built on this coherency framework to handle various appearance modeling tasks both for surface reflections and subsurface scattering, the two primary physical components that generate material appearance. We believe that coherency-based appearance modeling will make it easier and more feasible for practitioners to bring computer graphics imagery to life. This book is aimed towards readers with an interest in computer graphics. In particular, researchers, practitioners and students will benefit from this book by learning about the underlying coherence in appearance structure and how it can be utilized to improve appearance modeling. The specific techniques presented in our manuscript can be of value to anyone who wishes to elevate the realism of their computer graphics imagery. For understanding this book, an elementary background in computer graphics is assumed, such as from an introductory college course or from practical experience with computer graphics.

This book surveys the state of the art in multidimensional, physically-correct visual texture modeling. Features: reviews the entire process of texture synthesis, including material appearance representation, measurement, analysis, compression, modeling, editing, visualization, and perceptual evaluation; explains the derivation of the most common representations of visual texture, discussing their properties, advantages, and limitations; describes a range of techniques for the measurement of visual texture, including BRDF, SVBRDF, BTF and BSSRDF; investigates the visualization of textural information, from texture mapping and mip-mapping to illumination- and view-dependent data interpolation; examines techniques for perceptual validation and analysis, covering both standard pixel-wise similarity measures and also methods of visual psychophysics; reviews the applications of visual textures, from visual scene analysis in medical applications, to high-quality visualizations in the automotive industry.

This book offers detailed coverage of color, colorants, the coloring of materials, and reproducing the color of materials through imaging. It combines the clarity and ease of earlier editions with significant updates about the advancement in color theory and technology. Provides guidance for how to use color measurement instrumentation, make a visual assessment, set a visual tolerance, and select a formulation Supplements material with numerical examples, graphs, and illustrations that clarify and explain complex subjects Expands coverage of topics including spatial vision, solid-state lighting, cameras and spectrophotometers, and translucent materials

This book provides beginners in computer graphics and related fields a guide to the concepts, models, and technologies for realistic rendering of material appearance. It provides a complete and thorough overview of reflectance models and acquisition setups, along with providing a selection of the available tools to explore, visualize, and render the reflectance data. Reflectance models are under continuous development, since there is still no straightforward solution for general material representations. Every reflectance model is specific to a class of materials. Hence, each has strengths and weaknesses, which the book highlights in order to help the reader choose the most suitable model for any purpose. The overview of the acquisition setups will provide guidance to a reader who needs to acquire virtual materials and will help them to understand which measurement setup can be useful for a particular purpose, while taking into account the performance and the expected cost derived from the required components. The book also describes several recent open source software solutions, useful for visualizing and manipulating a wide variety of reflectance models and data.

A guide that examines the history and current state of 2.5D printing and explores the relationship between two and three dimensions 2.5D Printing: Bridging the Gap Between 2D and 3D Applications examines the relationship between two- and three-dimensional printing and explores the current ideas, methods, and applications. It provides insights about the diversity of our material culture and heritage and how this knowledge can be used to design and develop new methods for texture printing. The authors review the evolving research and interest in working towards developing methods to: capture, measure and model the surface qualities of 3D and 2D objects, represent the appearance of surface, material and textural qualities, and print or reproduce the material and textural qualities. The text reflects information on the topic from a broad range of fields including science, technology, art, design, conservation, perception, and computer modelling. 2.5D Printing: Bridging the Gap Between 2D and 3D Applications provides a survey of traditional methods of capturing 2.5D through painting and sculpture, and how the human perception is able to judge and compare differences. This important text: Bridges the gap between the technical and perceptual domains of 2D and 3D printing Discusses perceptual texture, color, illusion, and visual impact to offer a unique perspective Explores how to print a convincing rendering of texture that integrates the synthesis of texture in fine art paintings, with digital deposition printing Describes contemporary methods for capturing surface qualities and methods for modelling and measuring, and ways that it is currently being used Considers the impact of 2.5D for future technologies 2.5D Printing is a hands-on guide that provides visual inspiration, comparisons between traditional and digital technologies, case studies, and a wealth of references to the world of texture printing. Please visit the companion website at: www.wiley.com/go/bridging2d3d.

Technological revolutions have changed the field of architecture exponentially. The advent of new technologies and digital tools will continue to advance the work of architects globally, aiding in architectural design, planning, implementation, and restoration. The Handbook of Research on Emerging Digital Tools for Architectural Surveying, Modeling, and Representation presents expansive coverage on the latest trends and digital solutions being applied to architectural heritage. Spanning two volumes of research-based content, this publication is an all-encompassing reference source for scholars, IT professionals, engineers, architects, and business managers interested in current methodologies, concepts, and instruments being used in the field of architecture.

The Handbook of Digital Image Synthesis constitutes a comprehensive reference guide in the rapidly-developing field of computer graphics, whose applications span not only the movie and gaming industries, but also digital marketing, industrial and architectural design, virtual-environment simulators, and medical imaging. This resource provides an extensive, yet concise, treatment of the elementary principles and advanced concepts underpinning digital image synthesis, while covering a broad range of scientific topics such as pure and applied mathematics, geometric surfaces and data structures, the physics of light interaction and propagation, analytical and numerical simulation schemes, and optical perception and imaging. With its foundations laid from the ground up, the content includes a compilation of the theoretical formulas relevant for practical implementation in an actual rendering system, along with their step-by-step derivation, which provides field practitioners with a thorough understanding of their underlying assumptions and limitations, as well as with the methodologies necessary to adapt the results to new problems. Throughout, the presentation of the material is substantiated by numerous figures and computer-generated images illustrating the core ideas, several tables synthesizing results and industry standards, and platform-independent pseudo-code highlighting the core algorithms, in addition to a large collection of bibliographic references to the literature and an index of the standard scientific terms defined therein, thereby allowing the reader to rapidly harness fundamental notions and experimental trends.