Diversification And Accumulation In Rural Tanzania

Recent studies on rural Africa increasingly reveal a pattern of development which is more complex than that proposed in earlier unilinear theories. The researchers have recently located intricate systems of patronage, local networks of cooperation, indigenous social safety nets but also alarming rates of differentiation. This study extends the analysis of local complexity to the labour sphere, showing how rural producers tend to diversify into multiple sources of income resulting in innovative straddling between them. The diversification which is a necessity for the poorest households provides the means for risk aversion and accumulation for the wealthier ones. Diversification and Accumulation in Rural Tanzania is a thought-provoking and theoretically challenging work showing how cultural issues penetrate economic practices and modify the outcome of any economic interventions.

This book contributes to the understanding of smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa through addressing the dynamics of intensification and diversification within and outside agriculture in contexts where women have much poorer access to agrarian resources than men.

This is the first major historical study of Tanzania's socialist experiment: the ujamaa villagization initiative of 1967-75.

The Governance Agenda is the framework that currently organizes the West’s relations with Africa. The present work is an attempt to see Governance through the lens of a contemporary, local history. The report analyzes three periods of contentious politics at local level in Tanzania and two multi-party elections. It provides a window on mismanagement in local government, it examines the intervention by national and local elites in district conflicts, and it points to the difficulties ordinary people face in holding their leaders to account. The argument of the report is that current approaches to the study of Governance overlook an essential ingredient for its potential success: namely, the sociological conditions in which forms of collective action conducive to improved political accountability become possible at a grassroots level. The analysis aims to show that economic diversification and multiple livelihoods have given rise to a reticular social structure in which individuals find it difficult to combine to hold their leaders to account. People have fragmented identities formed in networks of social relations, which impedes the emergence of strong collective identities appropriate to effective social movements.

Request a FREE 30-day online trial to this title at www.sagepub.com/freetrial This two-volume encyclopedia provides a thorough introduction to the wide-ranging, fast-developing field of social networking, a much-needed resource at a time when new social networks or "communities" seem to spring up on the internet every day. Social networks, or groupings of individuals tied by one or more specific types of interests or interdependencies ranging from likes and dislikes, or disease transmission to the "old boy" network or overlapping circles of friends, have been in existence for longer than services such as Facebook or YouTube; analysis of these networks emphasizes the relationships within the network . This reference resource offers comprehensive coverage of the theory and research within the social sciences that has sprung from the analysis of such groupings, with accompanying definitions, measures, and research. Featuring approximately 350 signed entries, along with approximately 40 media clips, organized alphabetically and offering cross-references and suggestions for further readings, this encyclopedia opens with a thematic Reader's Guide in the front that groups related entries by topics. A Chronology offers the reader historical perspective on the study of social networks. This two-volume reference work is a must-have resource for libraries serving researchers interested in the various fields related to social networks.

This book is the first comprehensive contribution to understanding the character of important societal transitions in Tanzania during Benjamin Mkapa's presidency (1995 2005). The analyses of the trajectory of these transitions are conducted against the background of the development model of Tanzanian's first president, Julius Nyerere (1961 1985), a model with lasting influence on the country. This approach enables an understanding of continuities and discontinuities in Tanzania over time in areas such as development strategy an ideology, agrarian-land, gender and forestry issues, economic liberalization, development assistance, corruption and political change. The period of Mkapa's presidency is particularly important because it represents the first phase of Tanzania's multi- party political system. Mkapa's government initially faced a gloomy economic situation. Although Mkapa's crusade against corruption lost direction, his presidency was characterised by relatively high growth rates and a stable macro-economy. Rural and agrarian transitions were dominated by diversification rather than productivity growth and transformation. Rural attitudes in favour of land markets emerged only slowly but formal land disputes showed more respect for women's rights. Some space emerged for widening local participation in forest management, but rural dynamics was mainly found in trading settlements feeding on economic liberalization and artisanal mining. The transitions documented and analysed of Mkapa's presidency, however, indicate only limited transformational change. Rural poverty is therefore likely to remain deep and the sustainability of economic development to be at risk in the future. Mkapa was, however, able to protect the legacy of peace and political stability of Nyerere, but there were nevertheless important challenges to the first multiparty elections and governance, and particularly in Zanzibar. The post- script (covering 2005 2010), indicates that the incumbent president, Jakaya Kikwete, has yet to prove that he can change this legacy of Mkapa. The contributions to the eleven chapters of this book are evenly shared between Tanzanian, Nordic and other European researchers with a long-term commitment to Tanzanian development research. The book is dedicated to the youth of Tanzania.

This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO licence. It is free to read at Oxford Academic and is offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. This book investigates the performance of firms and households in Tanzania and the strategies they adopt to navigate shocks, achieve sustainability, and build resilience in order to sustain their growth and development. The contributions take into account competitiveness and productivity for firms, and income or welfare for households. Has the ability to navigate successfully through shocks and a changing economic environment improved over the past two decades? What are the lessons for managing and recovering from shocks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic? Chapters cover a range of issues including competitiveness and value chains as determinants of (export) trade performance and the importance of technology, innovation, linkages, and value chains for the resilience and sustainability of firms. Trends in household income diversification and rural livelihoods, and improvements in financial inclusion, particularly through digital financial innovations such as mobile money services, promote the resilience and sustainability of households. Gender and regional, especially urban-rural, differences are incorporated. Cross-cutting themes emerge: the need for modern technology and infrastructure to increase the productivity and employment of firms; the role of investment in human capital in reducing gender inequalities and equipping workers and entrepreneurs with relevant skills; and the importance of access to resources for innovation. The performance of Tanzanian firms has gradually improved since 2000 - although many challenges remain - and this has benefitted households through employment opportunities; the COVID-19 pandemic was however a significant shock to the economy and progress stalled or reversed as a result. Tanzania, like many countries, faces a challenging future but is better positioned to do so than it has been.

An examination of poverty dynamics and developmental failure, shifting emphasis from development as control to development as coping strategy.