Does Trickle Down Work

The authors explore a new framework for evaluating economic development projects. This framework is based on a job-chain approach. Each new job created by an economic development incentive is filled by an employee who leaves behind another job. In turn, that job may be filled by someone who leaves behind their old job, etc. Such job chains end when an unemployedworker, someone not previously in the labor force, or an in-migrant to the labor market takes a vacancy. Job chains are the mechanism for observing and measuring "trickle down". The job trains model developed in this book presents new insights into local economic development evaluation and strategy.

This essay unscrambles gross misconceptions that have made rational debates about tax policies virtually impossible for decades.

Foundations of Supply-Side Economics: Theory and Evidence is composed of a series of papers containing both theoretical and empirical analyses of a set of issues in government fiscal policy. The type of analysis employed in the book is standard neoclassical economics, and this analysis is used to study the macroeconomic incentive effects of taxation. The book contains contributions that cover the analysis of the effects of taxes imposed purely for generating revenues; the process of capital formation; and an attempt to integrate supply-side analysis into a traditional macroeconomic framework. Reports on the empirical evidence on taxation and economic activity and the estimation of a small macroeconomic model of the United States for the postwar period; description of a method of calculating effective marginal tax rates on factor incomes using available U.S. data; and the estimation of the effect of fiscal policy on private investment in plant and equipment are presented as well. Economists will find the book highly insightful.

This paper analyzes the extent of income inequality from a global perspective, its drivers, and what to do about it. The drivers of inequality vary widely amongst countries, with some common drivers being the skill premium associated with technical change and globalization, weakening protection for labor, and lack of financial inclusion in developing countries. We find that increasing the income share of the poor and the middle class actually increases growth while a rising income share of the top 20 percent results in lower growth—that is, when the rich get richer, benefits do not trickle down. This suggests that policies need to be country specific but should focus on raising the income share of the poor, and ensuring there is no hollowing out of the middle class. To tackle inequality, financial inclusion is imperative in emerging and developing countries while in advanced economies, policies should focus on raising human capital and skills and making tax systems more progressive.

At the time of his death in 1950, Joseph Schumpeter was working on his monumental History of Economic Analysis. Unprecedented in scope, the book was to provide a complete history of economic theory from Ancient Greece to the end of the second world war. A major contribution to the history of ideas as well as to economics, History of Economic Analysis rapidly gained a reputation as a unique and classic work. As well being an economist, Schumpeter was a gifted mathematician, historian, philosopher and psychologist and this is reflected in the multi-disciplinary nature of his great endeavour. Topics addressed include the techniques of economic analysis, contemporaneous developments in other sciences and the sociology of economics. This inclusiveness extends to the periods and individuals who figure in the book. As well as dealing with all of the major economists from Adam Smith to Maynard Keynes, the book considers the economic writings of Plato and Aristotle, of the Medieval Scholastics and of the major European economists. Throughout, Schumpeter perceived economics as a human science and this is reflected in a volume which is lucid and insightful throughout.

World Inequality Report 2022 is the most authoritative and comprehensive account of global trends in inequality, providing cutting-edge information about income and wealth inequality and also pioneering data about the history of inequality, gender inequality, environmental inequalities, and trends in international tax reform and redistribution.

It’s time to rewrite the rules—to curb the runaway flow of wealth to the top one percent, to restore security and opportunity for the middle class, and to foster stronger growth rooted in broadly shared prosperity. Inequality is a choice. The United States bills itself as the land of opportunity, a place where anyone can achieve success and a better life through hard work and determination. But the facts tell a different story—the U.S. today lags behind most other developed nations in measures of inequality and economic mobility. For decades, wages have stagnated for the majority of workers while economic gains have disproportionately gone to the top one percent. Education, housing, and health care—essential ingredients for individual success—are growing ever more expensive. Deeply rooted structural discrimination continues to hold down women and people of color, and more than one-fifth of all American children now live in poverty. These trends are on track to become even worse in the future. Some economists claim that today’s bleak conditions are inevitable consequences of market outcomes, globalization, and technological progress. If we want greater equality, they argue, we have to sacrifice growth. This is simply not true. American inequality is the result of misguided structural rules that actually constrict economic growth. We have stripped away worker protections and family support systems, created a tax system that rewards short-term gains over long-term investment, offered a de facto public safety net to too-big-to-fail financial institutions, and chosen monetary and fiscal policies that promote wealth over full employment.

This essay sheds light on the difference between trickle up economics and trickle down economics, demystifies why trickle down economics does not work and leads to chronic poverty, and elucidates how to create a trickle up economy that benefits everyone and raises the standard of living. Additionally, why corporations will never concede to paying a livable wage to their human employees is explicated, why human employees are extinct and why humans have become outdated horses in the age of automation, and why employee jobs are so brutally dreadful and lead to wage slavery and extreme poverty is revealed in this essay. Moreover, and how to generate extreme wealth online on social media platforms by prolifically creating ample lucrative income generating assets is elaborated upon and the utmost best income generating assets to profusely produce in order to generate extreme wealth online are identified in this essay. Furthermore, how to become an exceptionally successful influencer online on social media platforms in the digital era is meticulously expounded upon, the litany of benefits of becoming a successful influencer online and attaining extreme fame leverage are revealed, and how to earn substantial money online so that you afford to inexplicably enrich every facet of your life is demystified in this essay. The difference between trickle up economics and trickle down economics is not only ineffably vast, but it is able to shed light on the utmost consequential reason as to why one nation's economy is prosperous and robust while another nation's economy is stagnant and dull. The system of trickle down economics creates a centralized economy in which wealth is concentrated in the hands of relatively few people whereas the system of trickle up economics creates a robust decentralized economy in which wealth is dispersed into the hands of many. The premise of the system of trickle down economics is that concentrating wealth in the hands of so few people will preponderantly benefit the economy more so than the dispersion of wealth. "Trickle down economics is a theory that claims benefits for the wealthy trickle down to everyone else. Trickle-down economics assumes investors, savers, and company owners are the real drivers of growth. It also assumes that they will use any extra cash from tax cuts to expand businesses. Under this assumption, investors will buy more companies or stocks, banks will increase lending, owners will invest in their operations and hire workers, and all of this expansion will theoretically trickle down to workers. The workers will spend their wages to drive demand and economic growth" (Amadeo, 2019). In reality, a system of trickle down economics does not have such benefits for increasing the standard of living nor for spurring economic growth since corporations view employees as exploitable, expendable labor cost liabilities who are a dime a dozen. Companies will never pay their employees a penny above minimum wage, irrespective of how credentialed they are, even though companies now have market caps exceeding $1,000,000,000,000. One of the underlying principles of trickle down economics is that "targeted tax cuts work better than general ones. It advocates cuts to corporations, capital gains, and savings taxes. It does not promote across-the-board tax cuts. Instead, the tax cuts go to the wealthy and the benefits ostensibly trickle down to everyone else. It is also contended that the tax cuts offered to the wealthy provide a powerful multiplication effect" (Amadeo, 2019). It is posited that "this will create a more prosperous economy and a larger tax base" (Amadeo, 2019) under this system of trickle down economics. Trickle down economics has profusely increased the income disparity and does not increase customer spending since tax cuts for the wealthy does not increase the purchasing power of the average private sector employee who does not even earn a sustenance wage for affording housing.