Dry Farming In Relation To Rai

Wehali defines itself as the ritual centre of the island of Timor. As a ritual centre, Wehali continues to be the residence of a figure of traditional authority on whom, in the 18th century, the Dutch conferred the title of Kaiser (Keizer) and to whom the Portuguese gave the title of Emperor (Imperador). At one time, Wehali was the centre of a network of tributary states, which both the Dutch and Portuguese regarded as paramount to the political organisation of the island. This book is a study of Wehali in its contemporary setting as it continues to maintain its rituals and traditions. Significantly, Wehali is a ‘Female’ centre and its ‘Great Lord’ is considered to be a ‘Female’ lord. Whereas other Timorese societies are organised along male lines, in Wehali, all land, all property, all houses belong to women. Men are exchanged as husbands in marriage. Wehali is thus considered to be the ‘husband-giver’ to the surrounding realms on the island that look to its inner power as their source of life.

Study based on data collected from the Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra, for the year 1981-82.

Systems approaches for agricultural development are needed to determine rational strategies for the role of agriculture in national development. Mathematical models and computer simulation provide objective tools for applying science to determine and evaluate options for resource management at field, farm and regional scales. However, these tools would not be fully utilizable without incorporating social and economic dimensions into their application. The second international symposium, Systems Approaches for Agricultural Development, held in Los Baños, 6-8 December 1995, fostered this link between the bio-physical sciences and the social sciences in the choice of keynote papers and oral presentations, a selection of which is included in this book. The book's contents further reflect how systems approaches have definitely moved beyond the research mode into the application mode. The large number and high quality of interdisciplinary research projects reported from different parts of the globe, to determine land use options that will meet multiple goals and yet sustain natural resource bases, is a key indicator of this `coming of age'. At the farm level, where trade-off decisions between processes and products (commodities) feature strongly, much progress is also evident in the development of systems-based tools for decision making. This book will be of particular interest to all agricultural scientists and planners, as well as students interested in multidisciplinary and holistic approaches for agricultural development.

Sustainability is extremely important in dryland farming under global climatic change. Technology devised by various agricultural institutions is provided in this book.Variation in environmental factors may influence entire ecological system which may not be ideal for agriculture. Under such global scenario , plant growth is under geopardy. New varieties have to be developed to suit the varied climate or crop strategy in view of crop domain suiting ideal available temperature has to be framed to make dryland farming sustainable .Various agrotechnology needs to be adapted to avoid depletion in productivity. Global climatic change in future may limit the productivity of available varieties. Corporate farming may come to rescue the problem under present scenario. Various agrotechnologies described in this book may help the farmers and planners to overcome the situation in future. Critical problems have been dealt with probable solutions to suit the requirements .Multicropping system , organic farming, , watersheds promotion, reclamation of degraded soils, soil health cards, use of portrals of weather forecast, early harvest on physiological maturity and use of instant remedies timely under unfavourable season shall ease the failure of crop . Long outstanding demand has thus fulfilled with this book.

It is known that dryland farming is not remunerative due to several constraints. Location specific technologies have been evolved for yield stabilization in dryland farming and conservation of fragile ecosystem by sustainable use of soil and water resources. Drought and flood situations are experienced some where in the country inspite of pletifull resources of waters unshine hours but poverty among farmers still exists. This is a point of sereous concern. Agrotechniques are alone the answer for low productivity (0.8 t/ha) of 90% rainfed farming. To feed over one billion gallowping population of country, there is a need to increase the productivity to 1.5 t/ha by 2010 AD. This book deals with seed, soil, watersheds, crop, weed and nutrient management use of weather forecast, measure to save crops under abiotic stresses like drought and flooding, selection of crops and variety, reclamation of degraded land, organic recycling, agro-meterological approaches, water requirement, early harvest on physiological maturity, agro-hydro modelling and suitable medicinal and aromatic crops to make dry farming remunerative for welfare of common farmers. This is the first comprehensive book where large number of agro-techniques are incorporated. Chapters are written by eminent scientists of national repute who have devoted their life time to solve probable problems of dryland. Agro-techniques can well be adopted with ease by farmers through extension agencies to avoid bankrupsy. Book includes all relevant aspects of rainfed farming and is therefore a valuable addition in Dryfarming and meets the expectations of all those interested in rainfed farming in the country and abroad. Long outstanding demand has thus fulfilled with this book. The novel approach of editor has made the readers task quick and minimized their efforts by compiling all agro-techniques together at one place for benefit of farmers.