Dynamics Of Multiscale Earth Systems

In many aspects science becomes conducted nowadays through technology and preferential criteria of economy. Thus investigation and knowledge is evidently linked to a speci?c purpose. Especially Earth science is confronted with two major human perspectives concerning our natural environment:sustainability of resources and assessment of risks. Both aspects are expressing urgent needs of the living society, but in the same way those needs are addressing a long lasting fundamental challenge which has so far not been met. Following on the patterns of economy and technology, the key is presumed to be found through a devel- mentoffeasibleconceptsforamanagement ofbothournaturalenvironmentand in one or the other way the realm of life. Although new techniques for obser- tion and analysis led to an increase of rather speci?c knowledge about particular phenomena, yet we fail now even more frequently to avoid unforeseen impli- tions and sudden changes of a situation. Obviously the improved technological tools and the assigned expectations on a management of nature still exceed our traditional scienti?c experience and accumulated competence. Earth- and Life- Sciences are nowadays exceedingly faced with the puzzling nature of an almost boundless network of relations, i. e. , the complexity of phenomena with respect to their variability. The disciplinary notations and their particular approaches arethusnolongeraccountingsu?cientlyfortherecordedcontextofphenomena, for their permanent variability and their unpredictable implications. The large environmental changes of glacial climatic cycles, for instance, demonstrate this complexity of such a typical phenomenology.

Many approaches exist for scientific investigations and space research is no exception. The early approach during which each space plasma region within the Sun-Earth system was investigated separately with physics-based tools has now progressed to encompass investigations on coupling between these regions. Ample evidence now exists indicating the dynamic processes in these regions exhibit disturbances over a wide range of scales both in time and space. This new reckoning naturally leads to an emerging perspective of probing these natural phenomena with concepts and tools developed in modern statistical mechanics for physical processes governing the evolution of out-of-equilibrium and complex systems. These new developments have prompted a topical conference on Sun-Earth connection, held on February 9-13, 2004 at Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, USA, with the goal of promoting interactions among scientists practicing the traditional physics-based approach and those utilizing modern statistical techniques. This monograph is a product of this conference, a compilation of thirty-nine articles assembled into seven chapters: (1) multiscale features in complexity dynamics, (2) space storms, (3) magnetospheric substorms, (4) turbulence and magnetic reconnection, (5) modeling and coupling of space phenomena, (6) techniques for multiscale space plasma problems, and (7) present and future multiscale space missions. These articles show a diversity of space phenomena exhibiting scale free characteristics, intermittency, and non-Gaussian distributions of probability density function of fluctuations in the physical parameters of the Sun-Earth system. The scope covers the latest observations, theories, simulations, and techniques on the multiscale nature of Sun-Earth phenomena and underscores the usefulness in cross-disciplinary exchange needed to unravel the underlying physical processes, which may eventually lead to a possible unified description and prediction for space disturbances. * Extensive collection of state-of-the-art papers on multiscale coupling of Sun-Earth Processes * Present and future multiscale space missions * New techniques and models for performing multiscale analysis

As the nation's economic activities, security concerns, and stewardship of natural resources become increasingly complex and globally interrelated, they become ever more sensitive to adverse impacts from weather, climate, and other natural phenomena. For several decades, forecasts with lead times of a few days for weather and other environmental phenomena have yielded valuable information to improve decision-making across all sectors of society. Developing the capability to forecast environmental conditions and disruptive events several weeks and months in advance could dramatically increase the value and benefit of environmental predictions, saving lives, protecting property, increasing economic vitality, protecting the environment, and informing policy choices. Over the past decade, the ability to forecast weather and climate conditions on subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) timescales, i.e., two to fifty-two weeks in advance, has improved substantially. Although significant progress has been made, much work remains to make S2S predictions skillful enough, as well as optimally tailored and communicated, to enable widespread use. Next Generation Earth System Predictions presents a ten-year U.S. research agenda that increases the nation's S2S research and modeling capability, advances S2S forecasting, and aids in decision making at medium and extended lead times.

This invaluable volume set of Advances in Geosciences continues the excellent tradition of the Asia-Oceania scientific community in providing the most up-to-date research results on a wide range of geosciences and environmental science. The information is vital to the understanding of the effects of climate change, extreme weathers on the most populated regions and fastest moving economies in the world. Besides, these volumes also highlight original papers from many prestigious research institutions which are doing cutting edge study in atmospheric physics, hydrological science and water resource, ocean science and coastal study, planetary exploration and solar system science, seismology, tsunamis, upper atmospheric physics and space science. Contents:Volume 16: Atmospheric Science (AS):Relationship Between Activity of West Pacific Subtropical High and Diabatic Heating During Heavy Rain in South China in June 2005 (L-J Wang et al.)Lunar-Synodic Component in the East Asian Winter Monsoon (C-H Wu & W-S Kau)August Rainfall in Korea and Its Association with Circulations (K-J Ha & K-S Yun)Changma and Shifting Peak in Summer Rainfall of Korea: ENSO Influence (K-J Ha et al.)and other papersVolume 17: Hydrological Science (HS):Raingauge-Based Rainfall Nowcasting with Artificial Neural Network (S-Y Liong & S He)Short-Term Rainfall Forecasting Using a Bayesian Stochastic Rainfall Burst Model (S Srikanthan et al.)A Synoptic Weather Typing Approach to Assess Climate Change Impacts on Meteorological and Hydrological Risks at Local Scale in South-Central Canada (C S-Q Cheng et al.)Outline for Alternative Rainfall-Runoff Modeling Framework Under Uncertainty (G-H Lee et al.)and other papersVolume 18: Ocean Science (OS):Elevated Phytoplankton Biomass in Marginal Seas in the Low Latitude Ocean: A Case Study of the South China Sea (K-K Liu)Numerical Simulation of Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using an Air-Sea-Wave Coupled Prediction System (L Xie et al.)Coupled Data Assimilation for ENSO Prediction (D Chen)A Non-Boussinesq Terrain-Following OGCM for Oceanographic and Geodetic Applications (Y T Song et al.)and other papersVolume 19: Planetary Science (PS):A Comparison of the Exospheres of Mercury and the Moon (W-H Ip & Y-C Wang)Charged Particle Acceleration in the Hermean Magnetosphere: The Comparison of Contributions of Different Mechanisms (Z Lev et al.)A Model Study on Observation Modes of MIA/MMO Based on the EM Design (W Miyake & Y Saito)Distributions of K and Th on the Moon: The Initial Results from Observations by Selene GRS (Y Karouji et al.)and other papersVolume 20: Solid Earth (SE):Carbonatites in Phong Tho, Lai Chau Province (NW Vietnam): Their Petrogenesis and Relationship with Cenozoic Potassic Alkaline Magmatism (N T Chi et al.)Non-Destructive Detection of Platinum-Bearing Mineral from Geological Sample by Subtraction Imaging with Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray (T Kogiso et al.)Trace, Rare Earth Element (REE) and Platinum Group Element (PGE) Geochemistry of the Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks from Bundelkhand Craton, Central India (M Satyanarayanan et al.)PGE Exploration Studies in India —h; A Few Initiatives (V Balaram)and other papersVolume 21: Solar Terrestrial (ST):Acceleration and Heating of Solar Wind Ions by Nonlinear Waves (L Ofman)Relation Between Loop-Shaped Interplanetary Disturbances and the Magnetic Flux Rope (M Tokumaru et al.)Solar Wind and CME Studies of the Inner Helisophere Using IPS Data from Stelab, ORT, and EISCAT (M M Bisi et al.)Relationship Between Earth-Directed Solar Eruptions and Magnetic Clouds at 1 AU: A Brief Review (V Yurchyshyn & D Tripathi)and other papers Keywords:Climate;Atmospheric Science;Meteorology;Hydrological;Water Management;Ocean Engineering/Coastal Engineering;Planetary Science;Astrophysics/Astronomy/Cosmology;Solid Earth;Geology;Earth Studies/Earth Science;Solar Terresterial Science

'Extreme' events - including climatic events, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, drought - can cause massive disruption to society, including large death tolls and property damage in the billions of dollars. Events in recent years have shown the importance of being prepared and that countries need to work together to help alleviate the resulting pain and suffering. This volume presents an integrated review of the broad research field of large-scale disasters. It establishes a common framework for predicting, controlling and managing both manmade and natural disasters. There is a particular focus on events caused by weather and climate change. Other topics include air pollution, tsunamis, disaster modeling, the use of remote sensing and the logistics of disaster management. It will appeal to scientists, engineers, first responders and health-care professionals, in addition to graduate students and researchers who have an interest in the prediction, prevention or mitigation of large-scale disasters.

Explores the significance of the Anthropocene for environmental politics, analysing political concepts in view of contemporary environmental challenges.

Biogeochemistry may be defined as the science that combines biological and chemical perspectives for the examination of the Earth’s surface, including the relations between the biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. Biogeochemistry is a comparatively recently developed science, that incorporates scientific knowledge and findings, research methodologies, and models linking the biological, chemical, and earth sciences. Therefore, while it is a definitive science with a strong theoretical core, it is also dynamically and broadly interlinked with other sciences. This book examines the complex science of biogeochemistry from a novel perspective, examining its comparatively recent development, while also emphasizing its interlinked relationship with the earth sciences (including the complementary science of geochemistry), the geographical sciences (biogeography, oceanography, geomatics, earth systems science), the biological sciences (ecology, wildlife studies, biological aspects of environmental sciences) and the chemical sciences (including environmental chemistry and pollution). The book covers cutting-edge topics on the science of biogeochemistry, examining its development, structure, interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, and transdisciplinary relations, and the future of the current complex knowledge systems, especially in the context of technological, developments, and the computer and data fields.

This book collects ground-breaking works on the actual and potential impact of big data and data-integrated design for resilient urban environments, including human- and ecology-centred perspectives. Comprehending and designing for urban social, demographic and environmental change is a complex task. Big data, data structuring, data analysis (i.e. AI and ML) and data-integrated design can play a significant role in advancing approaches to this task. The themes presented in this book include urban adaptation, urban morphology, urban mobility, urban ecosystems, urban climate, urban ecology and agriculture. Given the compound nature of complex sustainability problems, most chapters address the correlation between several of these themes. The book addresses practitioners, researchers and graduate students concerned with the rapidly increasing role of data in developing urban environments.