European Encounters Language Culture And Identity

This volume is a collection of studies that analyze cultural encounters in Europe from multidisciplinary perspectives. The book faithfully reflects the research conducted at various departments within the Faculty of Arts and Letters at the University of Szeged, Hungary. The idea for the collection was conceived during a dissemination meeting for a four-year research project involving some of the authors known as Languages in a Network of European Excellence (LINEE), cofounded by the European Commission (FP6, contract 28388), whose generous support also made the publication of this volume possible—for which I would like to extend my gratitude here. Our contemporary world has been persuasively described in a wealth of literature as an era of postmodernity, characterized by a series of particular features, including the development of digital culture and mediation, an intricate interplay between globalization and localization, the compression of time and space, the rapid and constant movement of information and of people as well as the crossing of boundaries, both in symbolic and concrete terms (Lyotard, Harvey, and Appadurai [Modernity], among others). It has been depicted as a transitory period marked by a series of turns—linguistic, cultural and pictorial/visual (e.g. by Rorty, Jameson and Mitchell)—that have captured new mental frameworks for the comprehension of reality(-ies) and resultant principles and processes of knowledge production, also opening up avenues towards pluralism, the politics of identity and difference, and the centrality of issues concerning discourse, power and ideology (Calhoun, Gupta and Ferguson, Fairclough, etc.). Having investigated various aspects of globalization, Appadurai (“Disjuncture”) concluded that one way to understand this phenomenon is through the notion of cultural flows, a concept that captures the speed and dynamism with which particular cultural forms and practices may travel and gain recognition outside of the local cultures within which they appear. He proposed that these global cultural flows can best be explored through five imagined dimensions, often in disjunction with each other: ethnoscapes, mediascapes, technoscapes, financescapes and ideoscapes. Of these, the studies in this volume focus primarily on ethnoscapes and ideoscapes: the cultural flow that both the movement of people, be they students, tourists, immigrants or artists, and that of ideas, from subcultures to teaching paradigms, bring about and the representation of the various encounters these entail in language use, cultural production and identity constructions. This collection of studies tackles some of these issues as they appear in Europe, particularly within the boundaries of Hungary, where they have received particular attention after Hungary joined the European Union in 2004. Hungary’s accession introduced not only EU rules, norms and expectations to the country but also encouraged the flow of people, cultural exchange and cooperation within the EU in numerous ways, such as research projects and academic exchange programs (e.g. Tempus and Erasmus) and cultural projects, such as the European Capital of Culture award program. In the implementation of the various programs and broad cooperation upon which a united Europe may emerge, it is imperative to ensure communication; thus, language teaching and learning and the attainment of a particular level of proficiency have received particular attention within the EU. All this, in a broader context, can be regarded as part of the problematization tied to the word “European,” including the construction and meaning of a European identity, particularly in relation to other, such as national, regional and local, identities, while not being blind to other powerful factors, such as ethnicity, religion and gender, that also shape self-identities in compelling ways. The authors in this volume represent a multiplicity of academic fields, from linguistics and literary criticism to cultural anthropology and cultural studies. They share the characteristic of reaching across traditional methods and disciplines, thus typically applying an interdisciplinary approach in their investigations, all of which focus on the construction, mediation, outcome or impact of cultural encounters in a variety of contexts. Except for one, all of these studies explore particular aspects of contemporary issues and practices. As reflected in the subtitle of the volume, the papers have been organized around three major themes: language use, cultural interaction and identity construction. The first set of studies investigates the significance of language in the postmodern age. Globalization is often associated with tendencies towards standardization and homogenization (e.g. Featherstone), in the course of which “English is becoming the global language, and culture is becoming more and more dominated by American and Western European models” (Smith 14). In this context, issues such as the way in which English is used in the global community, the forms of power English may represent in particular local communities, or the washback effect this global role may have on emerging techniques used in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom, require further investigation.

Ukraine and Europe challenges the popular perception of Ukraine as a country torn between Europe and the east. Twenty-two scholars from Europe, North America, and Australia explore the complexities of Ukraine's relationship with Europe and its role the continent's historical and cultural development. Encompassing literary studies, history, linguistics, and art history, the essays in this volume illuminate the interethnic, interlingual, intercultural, and international relationships that Ukraine has participated in. The volume is divided chronologically into three parts: the early modern era, the 19th and 20th century, and the Soviet/post-Soviet period. Ukraine in Europe offers new and innovative interpretations of historical and cultural moments while establishing a historical perspective for the pro-European sentiments that have arisen in Ukraine following the Euromaidan protests.

As Europe continues to expand and integrate through the European Union, it faces the challenge of ever increasing multilingual and multicultural contact, within and across its borders. This volume presents recent research on European language policy, language contact and multiculturalism that explores how Europe is meeting this challenge. Inspired by intersections and conflicts in language and cultural identity in Europe, the volume transcends disciplinary boundaries by enhancing sociolinguistic research with chapters on cultural identity and language in contemporary European cinema. The book considers the relationships between language and cultural identity in Europe at a time of increasing multicultural complexity, with contributions on Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Ukraine, and the linguistic and imaginative spaces between and beyond. The volume highlights the ongoing significance of language and identity for an expanding Europe, and the ways in which situations of linguistic hybridity, interlocution and language contact continue to define Europe and its others.

Multilingual encounters have been commonplace in many types of institutions, and have become an essential part of supranational institutions such as the EU since their inception. This volume explores and discusses different ways of researching the discursive dimension of these encounters, and critically examines their relevance to policy, politics and society as a whole. This includes institutions at the local, regional and supranational level. Multilingualism in institutions is currently often seen as an obstacle rather than an opportunity, at least with respect to European public and private spheres. The volume asks: - exactly how is multilingualism conceptualized and talked about in different institutions? - how do different institutions 'deal' with multilingualism, both internally and externally? - what are the policy making rules and challenges for the future for various institutions with respect to multilingualism?

Essay from the year 2003 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Culture and Applied Geography, grade: B, , language: English, abstract: According to structuralist and post-structuralist theories, identities are relational, and as such they are formed and shaped through communicative processes. In order to communicate, we need a common system of signs that can be understood by every member of the group, in everyday speech referred to as “language”. Although it is certainly true to say that language forms, reproduces and promotes identity, it must not be forgotten that identities are plural, intersect, interact and enter into conflict with each other, and language identity is no exception to this. Consequently, the relationship between language and identity, when taking a closer look at it, involves many different considerations and is not as clear-cut as one might anticipate.

"Where are you from?" "What is your nationality?" "I didn't know you were..." "I'm not racist, but..." "It's just a joke." "What does a white person know about racism?" "Some of my best friends are..." James and Shadd's enormously popular Talking About Difference (BTL, 1994) has been thoroughly revised and expanded and makes a fine introduction to dozens of key issues involving all of us in Canadian society. Some of these issues include ethnic, racial, class and social identity. All the authors provide analysis as well as personal reflections. The book also shows the rich experiences and many ways of growing up, immigrating to, and living in Canada.

Feasting seems to be an inseparable element of peoples’—especially their collective—lives. ___|___ The proposed volume consists of original unpublished texts in which their Authors search for the answers to the following questions: How far have we gone astray from the primeval idea of celebrating the feast, from understanding tradition in terms of the Romanian historian of religion, Mircea Eliade, or the French sociologist, Émile Durkheim? Are there still any traditional, in its very meaning, feasts? If not—if they are invented (Hobsbawm and Ranger [1983] 1992)—why are they called “traditional”? What elements have changed and why? What has had the greatest impact on celebrating feasts? What are the new factors influencing the course of a feast’s celebration? ___|___ It was difficult to categorize the texts contained in this book because the subjects discussed in them very often overlap. Still, it was possible to recognize several accentuated aspects that served as the basis for the division of the book into three sections: 1) Culture and Identity; 2) Ritual and Cultural Values; 3) Culture and Policy. The contributors are scholars who represent various international institutions and fields of research, and use different approaches and methodologies to study the subject of the feast. This publication is an opportunity to bring the results of their research together in one book. The volume contains chapters in which various aspects of feasts, festivals, and festivities perceived as a mirror of social and cultural changes in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries are presented. It provides a unique and rich resource in the fields of culture, folklore, religion, anthropology, sociology, as well as politics and other cultural and social sciences. In the future, we hope to broaden the scope of our research and to include more ethnic groups and their cultures in order to see the changes they have undergone and factors that caused them. _____ TABLE OF CONTENTS _____ Frédéric Armao (University of Toulon, France), Uisneach: from the Ancient Assembly to the Fire Festival 2017 | Key words: Bealtaine, folklore, Irish festivals, mythology, Uisneach _____ Bożena Gierek (Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland), Lajkonik (Hobby Horse) as Theatrum of the Period of Corpus Christi in Kraków (Poland) | Key words: Corpus Christi, feast, Lajkonik, raftsmen, theatrum _____ Tatiana Minniyakhmetova (University of Tartu, Estonia), Manifestation of Various Values in Traditional Udmurt Feasts | Key words: “beestings,” feast, porridge-meat, symbols, Udmurts _____ László Mód (University of Szeged, Hungary), Grape Harvest Feast as an Attempt to Develop Local Identity and Cultural Heritage. The Hungarian Case | Key words: cultural heritage, grape harvest feast, invented tradition, local identity _____ Marek Moroń (Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland), The Use of Sacrifice Feast of Eid ul-Adha in Bengal as an Instrument of Promoting Communal Violence for Political Purposes. The Situation in the 1920s, 1930s and 2017 | Key words: Bengal, cow sacrifice, Eid ul Adha, Hindu, Muslim, politics _____ Ewa Nowicka (University of Warsaw, Poland), Performing Ethnicity: Buryat Ethnofestivals and a Rediscovered Tradition | Key words: Buryatia, cultural canon, ethnofestival, identity, rediscovered tradition _____ Alīna Romanovska (Daugavpils University, Latvia), Diaspora Festivals as a Way for Development of Cultural Identity in the Regional City: the Case of Daugavpils (Latvia) | Key words: creolization, diaspora, festival, identity, regional city _____ Monika Salzbrunn (University of Lausanne, Switzerland), The Swiss Carnivals of Payerne and Lausanne: Place-making between the mise en scène of Self and the Other(s) | Key words: Brandons, carnival, Othering, performance, place-making, wordplay _____ Tigran Simyan (Yerevan State University, Armenia) and Ilze Kačāne (Daugavpils University, Latvia), Transformations of New Year Celebration in the Soviet and Post-Soviet Era: the Cases of Armenia and Latvia | Key words: Christmas (New Year) tree, Ded Moroz, New Year, post-Soviet, Santa Claus, Soviet, transformation _____ Kiyoshi Umeya (Kobe University, Japan / University of Cape Town, South Africa), Feasts to Send-off the Dead: with Special Reference to the Jopadhola of Eastern Uganda | Key words: agency of the dead, feast, funeral rites, Jopadhola, modernity, Uganda

Cultural Identity In Transition Analyses The Challenges That Globalisation And Modernisation Have Brought To Cultural Identity In Recent Years. This Collection Of Articles Highlights Some Of The Central Theoretical Ideas And Models Currently Used In The Analysis Of Cultural Identity In The Social And Cultural Sciences.While The Book S Main Regional Focus Is On Northern Europe, This Is Complemented By Several Case Studies Addressing Issues Of Cultural Identity In Indigenous And Ethnic Communities, In Literary And Artistic Expression, And In Terms Of National Politics Around The World.The Book Discusses In Detail The Questions Like : What Is At Stake In The Global Culture Industry In Terms Of Cultural Identity? How Do The Internet And Information Technology In General Empower Local Communities? What Kinds Of Political Struggles And Conflicts Can Be Associated With The Processes Of Cultural Identity? Cultural Identities Are In Transition, But In What Direction Are They Moving?Cultural Identity In Transition Will Be Essential Reading For University Students And Researchers In Sociology, Anthropology, And Cultural And Literary Studies.