Gibraltar Identity And Empire

The principal argument in Gibraltar and Empire is that Gibraltarians constitute a separate and distinctive people, notwithstanding the political stance taken by the government of Spain. Various factors - environmental, ethnic, economic, political, religious, linguistic, educational and informal - are adduced to explain the emergence of a sense of community on the Rock and an attachment to the United Kingdom. A secondary argument is that the British empire has left its mark in Gibraltar in various forms - such as militarily - and for a number of reasons. Gilbraltar and Empire's exploration of the manifold reasons why the Gibraltarians have bucked the trend in the history of decolonization comes at a time when the issues in question have come to the fore in diplomatic and political areas.

This fluent, accessible and richly informed study, based on previously unexplored archival material, concerns the history of Gibraltar following its military conquest in 1704, after which sovereignty of the territory was transferred from Spain to Britain and it became a British fortress and colony. Unlike virtually all other studies of Gibraltar, this book focuses on the civilian population. It shows how a substantial multi-ethnic Roman Catholic and Jewish population derived mainly from the littorals and islands of the Mediterranean became settled in British Gibraltar, much of it in defiance of British efforts to control entry and restrict residence. With Gibraltar’s political future still today contested this is a matter of considerable political importance. Community and Identity will appeal to both a scholarly and a lay readership interested particularly in the ‘Rock’ or more generally in nationality and identity formation, colonial administration, decolonization and the Iberian peninsula.

This volume explores how Gibraltarian Britishness was constructed over the course of the twentieth century. Today most Gibraltarians are fiercely proud of their Britishness, sometimes even describing themselves as ‘more British than the British’ and Gibraltar’s Chief Minister in 2018 announced in a radio interview that “We see the world through British eyes.” Yet well beyond the mid-twentieth century the inhabitants of the Rock were overwhelmingly Spanish speaking, had a high rate of intermarriage with Spaniards, and had strong class links and shared interests with their neighbours across the border. At the same time, Gibraltarians had a very clear secondary status with respect to UK British people. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, however, Gibraltarians speak more English than Spanish (with increasing English monolingualism), have full British citizenship and are no longer discriminated against based on their ethnicity; they see themselves as profoundly different culturally to Spanish people across the border. Bordering on Britishness explores and interrogates these changes and examines in depth the evolving relationship Gibraltarians have with Britishness. It also reflects on the profound changes Gibraltar is likely to experience because of Brexit when its border with Spain becomes an external EU border and the relative political strengths of Spain and the UK shift accordingly. If Gibraltarian Britishness has evolved in the past it is certain to evolve in the future and this volume raises the question of how this might change if the UK’s political and economic strength – especially with respect to Gibraltar – begins to wane.

The principal argument in Gibraltar and Empire is that Gibraltarians constitute and separate and distinctive people, notwithstanding the political stance taken by the government of Spain. Various factors are adduced to explain the emergence of a sense of community on the Rock and an attachment to the UK.

Two hundred years after Singapore’s foundation by Stamford Raffles in 1819, this book reflects on the historical development of the city, putting forward much new research and new thinking. It discusses Singapore’s emergence as a regional economic hub, explores its strategic importance and considers its place in the development of the British Empire. Subjects covered include the city’s initial role as a strategic centre to limit the resurgence of Dutch power in Southeast Asia after the Napoleonic Wars, the impact of the Japanese occupation, and the reasons for Singapore’s exit from the Malaysian Federation in 1965. The book concludes by examining how Singapore’s history is commemorated at present, reinforcing the image of the city as prosperous, peaceful and forward looking, and draws out the lessons which history can provide concerning the city’s likely future development.

Adolf Hitler's failure to take Gibraltar in 1940 lost him the Second World War. But in truth the formidable Rock, jutting between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, was extraordinarily vulnerable. Every day, ten thousand people crossed its frontier to work, spy, sabotage or escape. It was threatened by Spain, Vichy France, Italy and Germany. After the USA entered the war, Gibraltar became General Eisenhower's strategic headquarters for the invasion of North Africa and the battle for the Mediterranean.

This book is the first monograph to systematically explore the relationship between citizenship and collective identity in the European Union, integrating two fields of research – citizenship and collective identity. Karolewski argues that various types of citizenship correlate with differing collective identities and demonstrates the link between citizenship and collective identity. He constructs three generic models of citizenship including the republican, the liberal and the caesarean citizenship to which he ascribes types of collective identity. Using a multidisciplinary approach, the book integrates concepts, theories and empirical findings from sociology (in the field of citizenship research), social psychology (in the field of collective identity), legal studies (in the chapter on the European Charter of Fundamental Rights), security studies (in the chapter on the politics of insecurity) and philosophy (in the chapter on pathologies of deliberation) to examine the current trends of European citizenship and European identity politics. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of European politics, political theory, political philosophy, sociology and social psychology.

 This is the second volume of a two-volume work entitled The British Army on Bloomsday. It contains detailed explanations of the military allusions in James Joyce’s groundbreaking novel, Ulysses, as well as an in-depth look at the two principal, fictional military characters: Major Brian Tweedy and his daughter, Marion (Molly Bloom). Also included are chapters on the minor military characters and personages that appear in the novel, the Royal Dublin Fusiliers (Tweedy’s old regiment), Gibraltar of the nineteenth century, and the British Army in Ireland on Bloomsday. The appendices contain period photographs of 1880s Gibraltar (where Molly Bloom spent her formative years) and barracks and other army facilities in Late-Victorian Dublin. While the first volume focuses on the British Army, this volume, The British Army in Ulysses, narrows in on the novel. The chapters on Molly Bloom and Major Tweedy present new findings that will likely provoke controversy among Joyceans. From the Introduction: James Joyce spent a good deal of his youth, and all his university years, in a British Army garrison city: Dublin. Throughout that period, 4,500 to 5,500 soldiers were quartered in that city of 250,000 residents. Barracks and former barracks were situated all over “dear, dirty Dublin” and probably one-in-eleven of the young men out in town during the evening and late afternoon was in uniform. The British Army was a major part of Dublin life and so it appears throughout Ulysses in characters, places, and references to wars and battles. Additionally, Joyce worked on Ulysses between 1912 and 1922. During that period, two wars were fought in the Balkans in 1913, and a "Great War" raged throughout Europe from 1914 through 1918. These conflicts, particularly the Great War, certainly influenced Joyce and his writing. As noted by Greg Winston in Joyce and Militarism, “it is not surprising that in Joyce's writings the martial element is frequent and ubiquitous.”