India S Economic Development Since 1947

Providing a basic understanding of India's economy, this guide addresses topics such as growth, policy regime changes, unemployment, macroeconomic stabilization, agriculture, and development prospects.

An essential history of India's economic growth since 1947, including the legal reforms that have shaped the country in the shadow of colonial rule. Economists have long lamented how the inefficiency of India's legal system undermines the country’s economic capacity. How has this come to be? The prevailing explanation is that the postcolonial legal system is understaffed and under-resourced, making adjudication and contract enforcement slow and costly. Taking this as given, Law and the Economy in a Young Democracy examines the contents and historical antecedents of these laws, including how they have stifled economic development. Economists Roy and Swamy argue that legal evolution in independent India has been shaped by three factors: the desire to reduce inequality and poverty; the suspicion that market activity, both domestic and international, can be detrimental to these goals; and the strengthening of Indian democracy over time, giving voice to a growing fraction of society, including the poor. Weaving the story of India's heralded economic transformation with its social and political history, Roy and Swamy show how inadequate legal infrastructure has been a key impediment to the country's economic growth during the last century. A stirring and authoritative history of a nation rife with contradictions, Law and the Economy in a Young Democracy is essential reading for anyone seeking to understand India's current crossroads—and the factors that may keep its dreams unrealized.

India's development pattern during 1950-80 was characterised by strong centralised planning, Government ownership of basic and key industries, excessive regulation and control of private enterprise, trade protectionism -- through tariff and non-tariff barriers -- and a cautious and selective approach towards foreign capital. It was a quota, permit and license regime guided and controlled by a bureaucracy trained in colonial style. This so-called inward-looking, import substitution strategy of economic development began to be widely questioned with the beginning of 1980s. Policy makers started realising the drawbacks of this strategy which inhibited competitiveness and efficiency and produced a much lower rate of growth than expected. Tilt towards economic liberalisation started in 1985 when Government announced a series of measures aimed at deregulation and liberalisation of industry. These measures, described as New Economic Policy, were followed by drastic changes introduced by the 1991 Industrial Policy Statement of the Government. As a result of economic reforms of the last 20 years, India is presently one of worlds fastest growing economies. In the last few years, it has emerged as a global economic power, the leading outsourcing destination and a favourite of international investors. Indian industry has upgraded technology and product quality to a significant degree and met the challenge of openness after being protected for so long. The Approach Paper to the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-13 to 2016-17) released by the Planning Commission, Government of India in October 2011 expressed concern at the slow growth of the manufacturing sector and emphasised "the need to sharply change the growth trajectory of Indias manufacturing sector" by adopting a holistic appraisal of what needs to be done to improve its competitiveness. This book contains 15 chapters which trace developments in different aspects of industrialisation during the post-Independence period, explain the key reform measures undertaken for making Indian industry internationally competitive and examine current issues pertaining to this vital sector of the Indian economy. The book also contains the following 5 appendices: Appendix 1: Industrial Policy Resolution, 1956. Appendix 2: Statement on Industrial Policy, July 24, 1991. Appendix 3: Year-wise Review of Industrial Developments in India: 1947-48 to 2011-12. Appendix 4: Edited Extracts from Indias Five Year Plans on Industry (I to XII Plan). Appendix 5: Glossary of Industrial Terms.

At The Time Of Attainment Of Independence, The Indian Economy Was In A Bad Shape. Centuries Of Exploitative Rule By The British Had Drained India Of Its Wealth. The Realization Of The Need For Resurrecting The Indian Economy Had Dawned Upon Our Leaders Even Before Independence. The National Planning Committee (Npc) Was Constituted In 1938 To Study Various Aspects Of Economic Development. After Independence, The Planning Commission Was Set Up In 1950 To Assess The Country S Needs For Material Capital And Formulate Economic Plans.During The Initial Years Of Planning Major Thrust Was To Develop Heavy And Basic Industries To Reduce The Country S Dependence On Import Of Machinery And Equipment, And Initiate Self-Sustained Long-Term Growth. The Progress Under The Nehru-Mahalanobis Model Of Growth Which Continued Upto The 1980S Was Slow. The 1990S Saw Major Shifts In Economic Policies With The Introduction Of Privatization And Liberalization In The Form Of Industrial Delicensing And Opening Up Of Indian Economy To International Trade. The Economic Reforms, Together With The Adoption Of New Technologies And Building Up Of Infrastructure, Have Led To A High Annual Gdp Growth Rate Of Over Eight Per Cent For The Last Three Years. Nearly All Economic Indicators Are In The Positive Zone.Paradoxically, However, The Country Is Experiencing Shortages In Amenities, Infrastructure And Essential Services. The Basic Objectives Of Alleviation Of Poverty, Generation Of Adequate Employment Opportunities And Removal Of Inequalities Of Income And Wealth Have Not Been Realized. Growth Is, By And Large, Confined To Our Urban Areas.The Book Studies The Structure And Features Of Indian Economy And Analyses All The Important Issues Relating Thereto. It Includes Latest Facts And Figures. It Will Be Useful To The Economists, Government Executives, Parliamentarians And Legislators To Frame Effective Policies. The Coverage And Treatment Of The Subject Will Immensely Help Students Of Economics And The Aspiring Candidates Of Various Competitive Examinations.

1.Economic Development : Meaning, Measurement, Indicators and Determinants,2. Underdeveloped (Developing) Economy—Concept of Underdevelopment, 3. Human Development, 4. Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence (Colonial Economy), 5. Structure and Basic Features of Indian Economy, 6. Evaluation of India’s Economic Planning, 7. Import Substituting Industrialisation, 8. Economic Reforms in India : Liberalisation, Privatisation & Globalisation, Demonetisation and GST, 9. Growth, Development and Structural Change in India, 10. Various Means of Transport : Road, Rail, Water and Air, 11. Changes in Policy Perspective in the Role of Institutional Framework After 1991, 12. Economic Growth and Distribution in India, 13. Problems of Poverty in India, 14. Unemployment in India, Nature, Extent and Employment Policy, 15.Economic Development and Environment, 16.Agriculture Growth and Performance in India, 17. Land Tenure and Reforms : Agricultural Holding and Consolidation, 18. Plans and Agriculture Development : Green Revolution, 19. Technological Change and Development in Agriculture (Agriculture Mechanisation), 20. Agricultural Price Policy, 21. Food Problem, Food Policy, Public Distribution System and Food Security, 22. Prominent Large Scale Industries of India—Cotton Textile, Jute, Sugar, Iron and Steel and Cement, 23. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India, 24. Foreign Trade of India, 25. India and the World Trade Organisation (WTO), 26. Role of Foreign Direct Investment in India.

Revised annually, this collection of articles by India's topmost economists and experts presents a comprehensive and critical analysis of the country's economy since its independence in 1947.

First Published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.