Irony And Drama

Irony and theatre share intimate kinships, not only regarding dramatic conflict, dialectic or wittiness, but also scenic structure and the verbal or situational ironies that typically mark theatrical speech and action. Yet irony today, in aesthetic, literary and philosophical contexts especially, is often regarded with skepticism - as ungraspable, or elusive to the point of confounding. Countering this tendency, William Storm advocates a wide-angle view of this master trope, exploring the ironic in major works by playwrights including Chekhov, Pirandello and Brecht, and in notable relation to well-known representative characters in drama from Ibsen's Halvard Solness to Stoppard's Septimus Hodge and Wasserstein's Heidi Holland. To the degree that irony is existential, its presence in the theatre relates directly to the circumstances and the expressiveness of the characters on stage. This study investigates how these key figures enact, embody, represent and personify the ironic in myriad situations in the modern and contemporary theatre.

Professor States provides nothing less than a new theory of the drama based upon the principles of irony and dialectic. Very close in approach to the Continental structuralists, he treats irony, not as a literary device or as an attitude in the mind of the playgoer, but as a means of confronting reality—a way of testing and resolving conflicting ideas. Pointing out the limitations of conventional categories such as comedy, tragedy, and tragicomedy, he views drama instead as a vehicle for perceiving and ordering the possibilities of human experience. After setting forth his thesis boldly and persuasively, Professor States explores other mod es such as the epic and the lyric and shows how they interact with the dramatic principle. He manages to cover, in a minimum amount of space, the entire range of dramatic styles and periods, placing special emphasis on playwrights of universal appeal like Sophocles, Shakespeare, Chekhov, Ibsen, Shaw, and Beckett.

The Ironic Temper and the Comic Imagination examines and illuminates the role which the ironic temper plays in the creation of complex literary comedy. The book focuses on ironic comedy, though not of the kind that is characterized by the surprises and shocks, the incongruities and reversals, of circumstantial irony. Circumstantial—or situational—irony cannot stand alone; it serves, for example, the aggressive functions of satire, or the irrational impulses of farce, or the benevolent, whimsical, or pain-defeating energies of humor.

"The Gift of the Magi" is a short story by O. Henry first published in 1905. The story tells of a young husband and wife and how they deal with the challenge of buying secret Christmas gifts for each other with very little money. As a sentimental story with a moral lesson about gift-giving, it has been popular for adaptation, especially for presentation at Christmas time.