Irrigation Induced Salinity

This paper presents a synthesis of 15 success stories in the production, processing, and marketing of high-value food products (HVF) in developing countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. High-value food products, such as fresh and processed fruits and vegetables, meats, fish, dairy products, and vegetable oils, are defined as having high intrinsic value or a high rate of value added through processing. Trade in these products has expanded while trade and prices for other agricultural products, such as most staple crops, have stagnated or declined. The growing trade in HVF has prompted policymakers in developing countries to examine more closely how they can expand and diversify their exports of these products. This study explores the technical, organizational, and commercial challenges facing those in HVF export development. It identifies common market and institutional factors that have contributed to the growth and international competitiveness in HVF trade. Particular note is made of the roles of the private and public sectors and of the effect of the policy environment. It examines the effect of institutional coordination on the stages of production, processing, and trade. An annex summarizes 12 case studies of the development and performance of food commodity markets. It includes export of fresh vegetables from Kenya in the 1960s, shrimp from Thailand in the 1970s, and processed tomatoes from Chile in the 1980s.

Acronyms; Glossary; Abstract; Introduction; Problems; Chemical processes involved in salinization; Physical processes involved in salinization; Impact of irrigation-induced salinity on plant growth; Remedial management actions; Farmers response to salinity; Discussion; Conclusions.

This open access book is an outcome of the collaboration between the Soil and Water Management & Crop Nutrition Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria, and Dr. Shabbir A Shahid, Senior Salinity Management Expert, Freelancer based in United Arab Emirates.The objective of this book is to develop protocols for salinity and sodicity assessment and develop mitigation and adaptation measures to use saline and sodic soils sustainably. The focus is on important issues related to salinity and sodicity and to describe these in an easy and user friendly way. The information has been compiled from the latest published literature and from the authors’ publications specific to the subject matter. The book consists of six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the terms salinity and sodicity and describes various salinity classification systems commonly used around the world. Chapter 2 reviews global distribution of salinization and socioeconomic aspects related to salinity and crop production. Chapters 3 covers comprehensively salinity and sodicity adaptation and mitigation options including physical, chemical, hydrological and biological methods. Chapter 4 discusses the efforts that have been made to demonstrate the development of soil salinity zones under different irrigation systems. Chapter 5 discusses the quality of irrigation water, boron toxicity and relative tolerance to boron, the effects of chlorides on crops. Chapter 6 introduces the role of nuclear techniques in saline agriculture.

The salinity problem in irrigation:an introductory review; evaluation and classification of water quality for irrigation;effescts of salinity and soil water regime on crop yelds; irrigation and soil salinity; fertilization and salinity;impact of irrigation on the quality of groundwater and river flows; economic evaluation of irrigation with saline water withim the framework of farm,Economic impacts of regional economic effects of changes in irrigation water salinity within a river basin framework; the case of the colorado river.

This is reference sheet 9.10 in the Farm Water Quality Planning series. All irrigation water contains dissolved mineral salts, and these can have a profound effect on crop performance. This publication helps you understand the basics of this relationship.

Historically, scientists and laymen have regarded salinity as a hazar dous, detrimental phenomenon. This negative view was a principal reason for the lack of agricultural development of most arid and semi arid zones of the world where the major sources of water for biological production are saline. The late Hugo Boyko was probably the first scientist in recent times to challenge this commonly held, pessimistic view of salinity. His research in Israel indicated that many plants can be irrigated with saline water, even at seawater strength, if they are in sandy soil - a technique that could open much barren land to agriculture. This new, even radical, approach to salinity was clearly enunciated in the book he edited and most appropriately entitled 'Salinity and Aridity: New Approaches to Old Problems' (1966). A decade later, three members of the United States National Science Foundation (NSF), Lewis Mayfield, James Aller and Oskar Zaborsky, formulated the 'Biosaline Concept'; namely, that poor soils, high solar insolation and saline water, which prevail in arid lands, should be viewed as useful resources rather than as disadvantages, and that these resources can be used for non-traditional production of food, fuels and chemicals. The First International Workshop on Biosaline Research was con vened at Kiawah Island, South Carolina, in 1977 by A. San Pietro.