Liquid Helium

This open access book covers recent advances in experiments using the ultra-cold, very weakly perturbing superfluid environment provided by helium nanodroplets for high resolution spectroscopic, structural and dynamic studies of molecules and synthetic clusters. The recent infra-red, UV-Vis studies of radicals, molecules, clusters, ions and biomolecules, as well as laser dynamical and laser orientational studies, are reviewed. The Coulomb explosion studies of the uniquely quantum structures of small helium clusters, X-ray imaging of large droplets and electron diffraction of embedded molecules are also described. Particular emphasis is given to the synthesis and detection of new species by mass spectrometry and deposition electron microscopy.

Pure and Applied Cryogenics, Volume 6: Liquid Helium Technology focuses on the principles, techniques, methodologies, and approaches involved in liquid helium technology. The selection examines liquid helium technology at the National Bureau of Standards, properties of liquid helium, heat transfer to liquid helium, and noise associated with heat transfer to liquid helium II. Discussions focus on apparatus and instrumentation, test procedure, liquid helium as a cryogenic liquid, zero viscosity, momentum of heat flow, rotation and vortex lines, oscillation of vortex lines, and quantized vortices. The publication then takes a look at boiling heat transfer to liquid helium, heat transfer from metal to supercritical helium, heat transfer to boiling liquid helium in narrow vertical channels, and critical nucleate boiling of liquid helium in a simulated wire wound magnet. The text ponders on microdegree temperature controller for liquid helium II bath, commercial production, storage and distribution of liquid helium, lightweight liquid helium dewar, commercial handling of liquid helium dewars, effectiveness of low temperature refrigeration for electronics, and a bulk liquid helium distribution system. The selection is a valuable source of information for scientists and researchers interested in liquid helium technology.

Originally published in 1959, this book addresses liquid helium from the dual perspectives of statistical mechanics and hydrodynamics.

The condensed phases of helium three provide an exciting laboratory for many fundamental questions in condensed matter physics. Due to its light mass and weak interatomic potential, the condensed phases of helium display quantum effects more dramatically than any other atomic system. Intuitionbased on classical experience is often misleading in these phases: the solid phase for instance is less ordered at low temperature than the liquid phase. The present book is unique in covering all the low temperature properties of helium three as liquid, superfluid, and solid. It provides anintroduction to the extensive literature on helium three from the point of view of an experimentalist, and includes the analogy of its properties with the cosmological 'big bang'. Graduate students, researchers, and professionals in condensed matter physics and low temperature physics will findthis the standard reference work for the decade to come.

Introducing the subject of superfluid helium three and polarized liquid helium three, this book is devoted to modern problems in many body physics specific to the quantum fluid helium three. Relationships between properties of helium three and topics in other fields are established including superconductivity, non-linear dynamics, acoustics, and magnetically polarized quantum systems. Among the chapters in this collection one finds valuable reference material and original research not published elsewhere. Advanced research topics are presented in a pedagogical manner, in considerable depth, and with appropriate introductory material sufficiently general to be suitable to the non-specialist.