Metabolic Syndrome And Psychiatric Illness

Metabolic syndrome is a set of risk factors that includes: abdominal obesity, a decreased ability to process glucose (insulin resistance), dyslipidemia (unhealthy lipid levels), and hypertension. Patients who have this syndrome have been shown to be at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and/or type 2 diabetes. Metabolic syndrome is a common condition that goes by many names (dysmetabolic syndrome, syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome, obesity syndrome, and Reaven's syndrome). This is the first book to fully explain the relationships between psychiatric illness, Metabolic Syndrome, diet, sleep, exercise, medications, and lifestyle choices. Metabolic Syndrome is a major risk factor in Major Depression, Alzheimer's Disease, Sleep Disorders, Sexual Dysfunction, Fibromyalgia, and several other illnesses of psychiatric significance. Conversely, some psychiatric illnesses tend to predispose patients to Metabolic Syndrome. Of further interest is the fact that some of the medications used in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses have been found to cause or exacerbate Metabolic Syndrome. The author here provides basic information about what genetic predispositions, medical conditions, and lifestyle choices make Metabolic Syndrome more likely to occur. Among the contributing factors that are discussed are genetics, habitual intake of high glycemic index carbohydrates, fructose, saturated fats, trans fatty acids, vitamins, micronutrients, obesity, smoking, and lack of exercise. The author describes the actual mechanisms by which Metabolic Syndrome progresses and causes damage in the body, including the action of insulin and the pathophysiology of insulin resistance. Details are provided on what occurs in the liver, pancreas, muscle, fat cells, and immune system as Metabolic Syndrome progresses. New findings are presented on fat cells, including the fact that they are beginning to be considered as endocrine cells. There is a substantive discussion of leptin, which is one of the important adipocytokines. Also carbohydrate, 'bad fats', inflammation, oxidative damage, over-stimulation of the 'fight or flight' system, and high levels of the stress hormone cortisol can actually cause the manifestations of Metabolic Syndrome. These explanations set the stage for an explanation of the inter-relationships between Metabolic Syndrome, psychiatric illness, dementia and effects of not only diet and life choices, but also the effects of psychiatric medications. Finally, there is an important and unique section on the relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and various psychiatric illnesses, and how they exacerbate each other. The significance of Metabolic Syndrome in Major Depression, Bipolar Affective Disorder, Schizophrenia, fibromyalgia and Polycystic Ovary Disease is vast and it is important to realise the effects of psychiatric medications on Metabolic Syndrome. The author discusses antidepressants, mood stabilizers and the new atypical antipsychotics. There are dramatic differences among medications in the way they affect Metabolic Syndrome and pharmaceutical companies will want to promote patient awareness with this book.

Patients with mental and substance use disorders have shown higher rates of morbidity and mortality from medical illnesses than the general population, and physicians are also increasingly aware of adverse effects of psychiatric medications on metabolic and cardiovascular health. In light of these problems, this book addresses an important unmet need of patients with mental disorders -- namely, the lack of integration of general medical care with psychiatric care and the related problem of barriers to collaboration and communication among health care providers. Managing Metabolic Abnormalities in the Psychiatrically Ill is the first book to provide a current review of the relationships among psychiatric illnesses, metabolic abnormalities, and treatment, focusing on how clinicians can tailor care to those doubly-afflicted patients. The book integrates research findings into practical clinical guidelines that spell out what psychiatrists need to know when their patients with mental illness suffer from -- or are at risk of developing -- obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or the metabolic syndrome. The contributors address those risks that need to be considered in the overall context of treatment, background risks of medical illnesses associated with specific psychiatric disorders themselves, and the means of applying these data to treatment recommendations, monitoring, and clinical practice. Among the specific topics addressed are: Potential effects of psychotropics on appetite, body weight, and metabolic parameters in obese patients, and the potential effects of anti-obesity agents on psychotic, manic, and depressive syndromes Increased risk of type 2 diabetes among individuals with psychotic and mood disorders due to neurobiological changes and behavioral effects associated with these disorders Greater risk for cardiovascular disease among the mentally ill, stressing the importance of mental health providers understanding cardiovascular risk classification and modification strategies An association between dysregulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and the related risk of type 2 diabetes during treatment with any of the eight second-generation antipsychotics currently available in the United States Guidance in choice of medications and appropriate monitoring strategies for hyperlipidemia, along with recognition of which antipsychotics pose the greatest risk and an understanding of the common dyslipidemia patterns seen with their use Chapters include key clinical concepts, quick-reference tables, and extensive references, and a final chapter provides an assessment tool for evaluating patients' metabolic risk. Together, the chapters in this book constitute an authoritative clinical guide that enables psychiatrists to better integrate the treatment of patients' mental disorders with their metabolic conditions.

Written by a multidisciplinary group of psychiatrists, endocrinologists, pharmacists, and dietitians, this handbook is a practical guide to the prevention and management of diabetes in patients with mental illnesses. Chapters examine the prevalence of diabetes in patients with various mental illnesses. Close attention is given to the link between psychotropic medications--including antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and second-generation antipsychotics--and the development of obesity, diabetes, lipid abnormalities, and other metabolic disorders. The book offers guidance on nutritional and other interventions for preventing obesity and diabetes and on monitoring and management of patients with diabetes. An appendix provides useful patient education handouts.

Written by a multidisciplinary group of psychiatrists, endocrinologists, pharmacists, and dietitians, this handbook is a practical guide to the prevention and management of diabetes in patients with mental illnesses. Chapters examine the prevalence of diabetes in patients with various mental illnesses. Close attention is given to the link between psychotropic medications—including antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and second-generation antipsychotics—and the development of obesity, diabetes, lipid abnormalities, and other metabolic disorders. The book offers guidance on nutritional and other interventions for preventing obesity and diabetes and on monitoring and management of patients with diabetes. An appendix provides useful patient education handouts.

Major depression and bipolar disorder are chronic enduring serious mental illnesses (SMI) with devastating effects on psychosocial functioning and may culminate in suicide. Over the past years, it has become apparent that subjects with these conditions can also develop the metabolic syndrome, which is a series of obesity-related physical conditions with an endocrine basis. This book brings together reviews that help put into context exactly why subjects with SMI develop obesity, prediabetic status, overt type 2 diabetes mellitus and related cardiovascular events. The relationship between prolactin and bone mineral density in subjects under medical treatment and the underlying dopaminergic mechanisms as well as the immunological changes occurring as an integral part of SMI and their effects on endocrine function are discussed and reviewed. Psychiatrists, diabetologists, cardiologists, family practitioners, public health physicians as well as basic science researchers will find valuable guidelines when screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in SMI.

This open access book offers an essential overview of brain, head and neck, and spine imaging. Over the last few years, there have been considerable advances in this area, driven by both clinical and technological developments. Written by leading international experts and teachers, the chapters are disease-oriented and cover all relevant imaging modalities, with a focus on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. The book also includes a synopsis of pediatric imaging. IDKD books are rewritten (not merely updated) every four years, which means they offer a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in imaging. The book is clearly structured and features learning objectives, abstracts, subheadings, tables and take-home points, supported by design elements to help readers navigate the text. It will particularly appeal to general radiologists, radiology residents, and interventional radiologists who want to update their diagnostic expertise, as well as clinicians from other specialties who are interested in imaging for their patient care.