Metrological Infrastructure

Metrology is part of the essential but largely hidden infrastructure of the modern world. This book concentrates on the infrastructure aspects of metrology. It introduces the underlying concepts: International system of units, traceability and uncertainty; and describes the concepts that are implemented to assure the comparability, reliability and quantifiable trust of measurement results. It is shown what benefits the traditional metrological principles have in fields as medicine or in the evaluation of cyber physical systems.

In this concise book, the author presents the essentials every chemist needs to know about how to obtain reliable measurement results. Starting with the basics of metrology and the metrological infrastructure, all relevant topics – such as traceability, calibration, chemical reference materials, validation and uncertainty – are covered. In addition, key aspects of laboratory management, including quality management, inter-laboratory comparisons, proficiency testing, and accreditation, are addressed.

​This handbook provides comprehensive and up-to-date information on the topic of scientific, industrial and legal metrology. It discusses the state-of-art review of various metrological aspects pertaining to redefinition of SI Units and their implications, applications of time and frequency metrology, certified reference materials, industrial metrology, industry 4.0, metrology in additive manufacturing, digital transformations in metrology, soft metrology and cyber security, optics in metrology, nano-metrology, metrology for advanced communication, environmental metrology, metrology in biomedical engineering, legal metrology and global trade, ionizing radiation metrology, advanced techniques in evaluation of measurement uncertainty, etc. The book has contributed chapters from world’s leading metrologists and experts on the diversified metrological theme. The internationally recognized team of editors adopt a consistent and systematic approach and writing style, including ample cross reference among topics, offering readers a user-friendly knowledgebase greater than the sum of its parts, perfect for frequent consultation. Moreover, the content of this volume is highly interdisciplinary in nature, with insights from not only metrology but also mechanical/material science, optics, physics, chemistry, biomedical and more. This handbook is ideal for academic and professional readers in the traditional and emerging areas of metrology and related fields.

The passive house concept has become increasingly popular in the building sector in the lost twenty years ond is deemed to ploy on important role in aligning the housing sector with climate and environmental policy objectives. However, for such buildings to ploy this port they need to be more widespread, more common and more accepted by mainstream actors and institutions. The deployment of passive houses involves changes and adaptations in different parts of society. It involves changes in institutional and organisational set-ups, and it involves market and regulatory changes. Previous research on passive houses has focused on demonstration projects or has taken for granted that a dissemination will lead to a full-scale transition of the building sector. This puts undue focus on emerging actors and technologies emerging in isolation. This thesis investigates the wider deployment of passive houses with a focus on mainstreaming. This means that focus is on different social arenas where the deployment of passive houses is negotiated between multiple actors. This thesis contributes to a comprehensive picture of how passive house deployment is shaped through a study of attempts to mainstream these buildings in Sweden. It shows how such attempts hove been partially successful in specific companies and regions, but it also show how a normalization of these buildings has been limited due to market, regulatory, and political developments Possivhuskonceptet hor blivit allt populärare under de senaste tjugo åren och bedöms spela en viktig roll för att anpassa bostadssektorn till klimat- och miljöpolitiska mål. För att sådana byggnader ska kunna göra skillnad måste de dock få en större utbredning och bli accepterade av etablerade aktörer och institutioner. Utbyggnaden av passivhus innebär förändringar och anpassningar i olika delar av samhället. Dessa innefattar institutionella och organisatoriska förändringar, samt marknadsförändringar och en anpassad lagstiftning. Tidigare forskning har framförallt studerat demonstrationsprojekt eller hor tagit för givet att en spridning av possivhus kommer att leda till en fullskalig omställning av byggsektorn. Detta lägger otillbörligt fokus pö nya aktörer och tekniker som utvecklats utan bredare social förankring. Denna avhandling studerar utbyggnaden av passivhus med fokus på "mainstreoming". Det innebär att fokus ligger på olika sociala arenor där spridningen av passivhus förhandlas mellan nya och etablerade aktörer. Avhandlingen bidrar till att presentera en övergripande bild av hur passivhusutbyggnod tar form genom en studie av försök att sprida dessa byggnader i Sverige. Avhandlingen visar hur sådana försök delvis har lyckats i specifika företag och regioner, men den visar också hur en normalisering av dessa byggnader har varit begränsad på grund av marknads-, lagstiftnings- och politiska aspekter.

This book describes the significance of metrology for inclusive growth in India and explains its application in the areas of physical–mechanical engineering, electrical and electronics, Indian standard time measurements, electromagnetic radiation, environment, biomedical, materials and Bhartiya Nirdeshak Dravyas (BND®). Using the framework of “Aswal Model”, it connects the metrology, in association with accreditation and standards, to the areas of science and technology, government and regulatory agencies, civil society and media, and various other industries. It presents critical analyses of the contributions made by CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), India, through its world-class science and apex measurement facilities of international equivalence in the areas of industrial growth, strategic sector growth, environmental protection, cybersecurity, sustainable energy, affordable health, international trade, policy-making, etc. The book will be useful for science and engineering students, researchers, policymakers and entrepreneurs.

Fibre Optics has gained prominence in: telecommunications, data transmission and distribution, cable television networks, sensing and control, light probing and instrumentation. The 1990's shows an increased expansion of optical fibre networks which respond to the rapid growth on a world scale of long distance trunk lines combined with a family of emerging optical based services in which fibre-to-the-home will have the greatest impact. There is already evidence that optical communications are moving toward higher bit-rates, wavelength transparency and irrelevance of signal formats. The rate of change in fibre optics and the emergence of new services will be a mere consequence of economics. The actual increasing of cost and the demand for high-date-rates or large bandwidth per transmission channels, and the lack of available space in the congested conduits in urban areas, strongly favour the technological change to fibre optics. The recognised advantages of fibre optic technologies and the unchallenged potential to respond to future needs requires the inclusion of fibre optics networking into new installations. Concomitantly, current progress in the field of optical fibres (optical fibre amplifiers, optical fibre switching, WDM, fibre gratings, etc.) unfold major technical advances and greater flexibility in the designs and engineering of networks, optical fibre components and instrumentation. The explosion of growth in fibre sensors, fibre probes and the myriad of fibre based components shows that we are only using a fraction of optical fibre potential.

"What are the recent developments in the field of Metrology?" International leading experts answer this question providing both state of the art presentation and a road map to the future of measurement science. The book is organized in six sections according to the areas of expertise, namely: Introduction; Length, Distance and Surface; Voltage, Current and Frequency; Optics; Time and Relativity; Biology and Medicine. Theoretical basis and applications are explained in accurate and comprehensive manner, providing a valuable reference to researchers and professionals.