Mitochondria The Powerhouse Of The Cell Science Notebook

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Mitochondrion, a sub-cellular organelle originated from primary endosymbiosis, plays a vital role in energy metabolism of eukaryotic cells. The transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain (ETC) to molecular oxygen accompanied by the extrusion of protons from the matrix generate an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) that is used for ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation. Despite many aspects of ATP synthesis have been delineated, regulatory mechanisms responsible for energy synthesis and transfer still remain to be uncovered. In addition to energy function, mitochondria play a crucial role in cell metabolism under both physiological and pathological conditions through their participation in many intracellular signaling pathways. Studies over the last 30 years provide strong evidence that mitochondria are the nexus of various stresses which initiate cell death through apoptosis, oncosis, necrosis and autophagy depending on the severity of the stress and cellular energy status. The release of several pro-apoptotic proteins such as cytochrome c, Smac/DIABLO, AIF, endonuclease G from intermembrane space initiates both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis. The formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in the IMM promotes cell death mostly through necrosis whereas a mild stress activates autophagy. Due to their critical roles in both cell death and survival mitochondria have been widely considered as an important target for various pharmacological and conditional therapeutic approaches. Currently, a large number of mitochondria-targeted agents are suggested to prevent (in ischemia reperfusion injury, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and other diseases) or stimulate (in various cancers) cell death. This Research Topic focuses on the role of mitochondria in the regulation of cell metabolism and signaling under physiological and pathological conditions. Studies performed on cultured cells and isolated organs/tissues using different animal and cellular models of various diseases are also included and discussed.

Mitochondria are intracellular organelles that power the cell by metabolizing glucose and other energy sources to generate ATP. They are also critical in programmed cell death, and dysfunction of mitochondrial components is implicated in numerous muscle and neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease. This volume contains contributions examining the evolution and normal function of mitochondria in cells, as well as their roles in various pathologies.

Mitochondria are among the most important of eukaryotic cell organelles, often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell, because of the role they play in providing energy for cellular function. This book synthesizes what is known mitochondrial dynamics, including the fusion and fission of mitochondria, mitophagy (the destruction of damaged mitochondria), and the role of mitochondrial dynamics in disease such as Parkinson's disease and diabetes--among other topics. The volume is designed to appeal to molecular biologists, cell physiologists and anyone interested in the role mitochondria play in cell physiological function.

In cell biology, a mitochondrion is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria are often described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of the chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in a range of other processes, such as signalling, cellular differentiation, cell death, as well as the control of the cell cycle and cell growth. This book reviews research on the mitochondrial metabolism in age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease; mitochondria and ageing; apoptosis and peritoneal injury; diabetes, mitochondria and brain endothelium dysfunction as a dangerous triad for neurodegeneration.

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Mitochondria are complex organelles, possessing inner and outer membranes and even their own DNA. A typical cell contains 800 mitochondria, termed the "powerhouse of the cell", playing a central role in metabolism, respiration, and ATF production. Mitochondria is the first modern, truly comprehensive authored book which tackles the biochemistry, genetics, and pathology of mitochondria in different organisms.

In writing this book, I found the choice of a suitable title to be a most vexing problem. Lehninger's excellent earlier monograph The Mitochondrion had already appropriated in the domain of library cards what appeared to be the most fitting description of the subject matter. Once the text was completed, however, it became obvious that pluralization was the simplest solution to this dilemma. Variations in the structure and function of this organelle and recent discoveries of the phylogenetic diversity in the organization and genetic con tent of its DNA all seemed to justify the idea that there are as many different mitochondria as there are mitochondriologists. Even though my initial intention was to provide advanced undergraduate and graduate students of cell biology with supplemental reading material on topics usually dealt with in a cursory manner by most standard texts, inevitably the scope was broadened to attract the interest of more seasoned readers who might be familiar with some but not other areas of mitochondrial studies. Con sistent with the original aim, literature citations have been kept to a minimum and are avoided in the main body of the text for purposes of readability.