Molecular Modeling Of The Sensitivities Of Energetic Materials

Molecular Modeling of the Sensitivities of Energetic Materials, Volume 22 introduces experimental aspects, explores the relationships between sensitivity, molecular structure and crystal structure, discusses insights from numerical simulations, and highlights applications of these approaches to the design of new materials. Providing practical guidelines for implementing predictive models and their application to the search for new compounds, this book is an authoritative guide to an exciting field of research that warrants a computer-aided approach for the investigation and design of safe and powerful explosives or propellants. Much recent effort has been put into modeling sensitivities, with most work focusing on impact sensitivity and leading to a lot of experimental data in this area. Models must therefore be developed to allow evaluation of significant properties from the structure of constitutive molecules. Highlights a range of approaches for computational simulation and the importance of combining them to accurately understand or estimate different parameters Provides an overview of experimental findings and knowledge in a quick and accessible format Presents guidelines to implement sensitivity models using open-source python-related software, thus supporting easy implementation of flexible models and allowing fast assessment of hypotheses

This volume provides an overview of current research and recent advances in the area of energetic materials, focusing on decomposition, crystal and molecular properties. The contents and format reflect the fact that theory, experiment and computation are closely linked in this field. Since chemical decomposition is of fundamental importance in energetic performance, this volume begins with a survey of the decomposition processes of a variety of energetic compounds. This is followed by detailed studies of certain compounds and specific mechanisms, such as nitro/aci-nitro tautomerism. Chapter 6 covers the transition from decomposition to crystal properties, with molecular dynamics being the primary analytical tool. The next several chapters deal with different aspects of the crystalline state, again moving from the general to particular. There is also a discussion of methods for computing gas, liquid and solid phase heats of formation. Finally, the last portion of this volume looks at the potential of high-nitrogen molecules as energetic systems; this has been of considerable interest in recent years.Overall, this volume illustrates the progress that has been made in the field of energetic materials and some of the areas of current activity. It also indicates the challenges involved in characterizing and understanding the properties and behaviour of these compounds. The work is a unique state-of-the-art treatment of the subject, written by pre-eminent researchers in the field. - Overall emphasis is on theory and computation, presented in the context of relevant experimental work- Presents a unique state-of-the-art treatment of the subject- Contributors are preeminent researchers in the field

1. Connecting molecular properties to decomposition, combustion, and explosion trends / Thomas B. Brill -- 2. Thermal decomposition processes of energetic materials in the condensed phase at low and moderate temperatures / Richard Behrens -- 3. Study of energetic material combustion chemistry by probing mass spectrometry and modeling of flames / Oleg P. Korobeinichev -- 4. Optical spectroscopic measurements of energetic material flame structure / Tim Parr and Donna Hanson-Parr -- 5. Transient gas-phase intermediates in the decomposition of energetic materials / Paul J. Dagdigian -- 6. Role of excited electronic states in the decomposition of energetic materials / E. R. Bernstein -- 7. Gas-phase kinetics for propellant combustion modeling : requirements and experiments / William R. Anderson and Arthur Fontijn -- 8. Gas-phase decomposition of energetic molecules / Donald L. Thompson -- 9. Modeling the reactions of energetic materials in the condensed phase / Laurence E. Pried, M. Riad Manaa and James P. Lewis -- 10. Multi-phonon up-pumping in energetic materials / Dana D. Dlott -- 11. Applications of theoretical chemistry in assessing energetic materials for performance or sensitivity / Betsy M. Rice -- 12. Combustion and ignition of nitramine propellants : aspects of modeling, simulation, and analysis / Eun S. Kim and Vigor Yang -- 13. Burning-rate models and their successors, a personal perspective / Martin S. Miller -- 14. Ideas to expand thinking about new energetic materials / Jeffery Bottaro

Advances in Quantum Chemistry presents surveys of current topics in this rapidly developing field that has emerged at the cross section of the historically established areas of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology. It features detailed reviews written by leading international researchers. This volume focuses on the theory of heavy ion physics in medicine. This volume presents a series of articles concerning current important topics in quantum chemistry. The invited articles are written by the best people in the field

This volume provides an overview of current research and recent advances in the area of energetic materials, focusing on explosives and propellants. The contents and format reflect the fact that theory, experiment and computation are closely linked in this field. The challenge of developing energetic materials that are less sensitive to accidental stimuli continues to be of critical importance. This volume opens with discussions of some determinants of sensitivity and its correlations with various molecular and crystal properties. The next several chapters deal in considerable detail with different aspects and mechanisms of the initiation of detonation, and its quantitative description. The second half of this volume focuses upon combustion. Extensive studies model ignition and combustion, with applications to different propellants. The final chapter is an exhaustive computational treatment of the mechanism and kinetics of combustion initiation reactions of ammonium perchlorate. Overall, this volume illustrates the progress that has been made in the field of energetic materials and some of the areas of current activity. It also indicates the challenges involved in characterizing and understanding the properties and behaviour of these compounds. The work is a unique state-of-the-art treatment of the subject, written by pre-eminent researchers in the field. - Overall emphasis is on theory and computation, presented in the context of relevant experimental work - Presents a unique state-of-the-art treatment of the subject - Contributors are preeminent researchers in the field

This book uses experimental and computational methods to rationalize and predict for the first time the relative impact sensitivities of a range of energetic materials. Using knowledge of crystal structures, vibrational properties, energy-transfer mechanisms, and experimentally measured sensitivities, it describes a model that leads to excellent correlation with experimental results in all cases. As such, the book paves the way for a new, fully ab initio approach for the design of safer energetic materials based solely on knowledge of their solid-state structures. Energetic materials (explosives, propellants, gas generators, and pyrotechnics) are defined as materials that release heat and/or gaseous products at a high rate upon stimulus by heat, impact, shock, sparks, etc. They have widespread military and civilian uses, including munitions, mining, quarrying, demolition, emergency signaling, automotive safety, and space exploration. One of their most important properties is sensitivity to accidental initiation during manufacture, transport, storage, and operation, which has important implications for their safe use.

The development, processing, and lifecycle environmental impact analysis of energetic materials all pose various challenges and potential dangers. Because safety concerns severely limit study of these substances at most research facilities, engineers will especially appreciate a tool that strengthens understanding of the chemistry and physics involved and helps them better predict how these materials will behave when used in explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics, and other applications. Integrate Cutting-Edge Research Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense Energetic Materials: Thermophysical Properties, Predictions, and Experimental Measurements covers a variety of advanced empirical modeling and simulation tools used to explore development, performance, sensitivity, and lifecycle issues of energetic materials. Focusing on a critical component of energetic materials research— prediction of thermophysical properties—this book elucidates innovative and experimental techniques being used to: Apply molecular and meso-scale modeling methodologies to measure reactivity, performance, and properties of new energetic materials Gain insight into shear initiation at the particulate level Better understand the fate, transport, and overall environmental impact of energetic materials Evaluate the performance of new materials and assess their reaction mechanisms Edited by two respected U.S. Army engineers, this book highlights cutting-edge research from leaders in the energetics community. Documenting the history, applications, and environmental behavior of energetic materials, this reference is a valuable resource for anyone working to optimize their massive potential—either now or in the future.

For a chemist who is concerned with the synthesis of new energetic compounds, it is essential to be able to assess physical and thermodynamic properties, as well as the sensitivity, of possible new energetic compounds before synthesis is attempted. Various approaches have been developed to predict important aspects of the physical and thermodynamic properties of energetic materials including (but not limited to): crystal density, heat of formation, melting point, enthalpy of fusion and enthalpy of sublimation of an organic energetic compound. Since an organic energetic material consists of metastable molecules capable of undergoing very rapid and highly exothermic reactions, many methods have been developed to estimate the sensitivity of an energetic compound with respect to detonationcausing external stimuli such as heat, friction, impact, shock and electrostatic discharge. This book introduces these methods and demonstrates those methods which can be easily applied.