N Algebraic Structures

In this book, for the first time we introduce the notions of N-groups, N-semigroups, N-loops and N-groupoids. We also define a mixed N-algebraic structure. The book is organized into six chapters. The first chapter gives the basic notions of S-semigroups, S-groupoids and S-loops thereby making the book self-contained. Chapter two introduces N-groups and their Smarandache analogues. In chapter three, N-loops and Smarandache N-loops are introduced and analyzed. Chapter four defines N-groupoids and S-N-groupoids. Since the N-semigroup structures are sandwiched between groups and groupoids, the study can be carried out without any difficulty. Mixed N-algebraic structures and S-mixed algebraic structures are given in chapter five. Some problems are suggested in chapter six. It is pertinent to mention that several exercises and problems (Some in the form of proof to the theorems are given in all the chapters.) A reader who attempts to solve them will certainly gain a sound knowledge about these concepts. We have given 50 problems for the reader to solve in chapter 6. The main aim of this book is to introduce new concepts and explain them with examples there by encouraging young mathematics to pursue research in this direction. Several theorems based on the definition can be easily proved with simple modification. Innovative readers can take up that job. Also these notions find their applications in automaton theory and coloring problems. The N-semigroups and N-automaton can be applied to construct finite machines, which can perform multitasks, so their capability would be much higher than the usual automaton of finite machines constructed. We have suggested a list of references for further reading.

This book for the first time introduces neutrosophic groups, neutrosophic semigroups, neutrosophic loops and neutrosophic groupoids and their neutrosophic N-structures.The special feature of this book is that it tries to analyze when the general neutrosophic algebraic structures like loops, semigroups and groupoids satisfy some of the classical theorems for finite groups viz. Lagrange, Sylow, and Cauchy.This is mainly carried out to know more about these neutrosophic algebraic structures and their neutrosophic N-algebraic structures.

In algebra there are four basic structures: groups, rings, fields and modules. In this book the theory of these basic structures is presented and the laws of composition - the basic operations of algebra - are studied. Essentially, no previous knowledge is required, it is only assumed as background that the reader has learned some linear algebra over the real numbers.Dieses Lehrbuch, verfasst von einem anerkannten amerikanischen Mathematiker, ist eine unkonventionelle Einführung in die Algebra. Es gibt vier grundlegende Strukturen in der Algebra: Gruppen, Ringe, Körper und Moduln. Das Buch behandelt die Theorie dieser Strukturen und beschreibt die Verknüpfungsregeln, die grundlegenden Operationen der Algebra. Die Darstellung ist elementar: es werden nur Kenntnisse der Linearen Algebra vorausgesetzt, weitere Fachkenntnisse sind nicht erforderlich.

The notion of the neutrosophic triplet was introduced by Smarandache and Ali. This notion is based on the fundamental law of neutrosophy that for an idea X, we have neutral of X denoted as neut(X) and anti of X denoted as anti(X). This paper studied a neutrosophic triplet set which is a collection of all triple of three elements that satisfy certain properties with some binary operation. Also given some interesting properties related to them. Further, in this paper investigated that from the neutrosophic triplet group can construct a classical group under multiplicative operation for ℤ𝑛 , for some specific n. These neutrosophic triplet groups are built using only modulo integer 2p, with p is an odd prime or Cayley table.

This self-contained text covers sets and numbers, elements of set theory, real numbers, the theory of groups, group isomorphism and homomorphism, theory of rings, and polynomial rings. 1969 edition.

The papers contained in this volume constitute the proceedings of the Special Session on Ordered Algebraic Structures which was held at the 1982 annual meeting of the American Mathematical Society in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Special Session and this volume honor Paul Conrad, whose work on the subject is noted for its depth and originality. These papers address many areas within the subject of ordered algebraic structures, including varieties, free algebras, lattice ordered groups, subgroups of ordered groups, semigroups, ordered rings, and topological properties of these structures.

In this book, the authors define several new types of soft neutrosophic algebraic structures over neutrosophic algebraic structures and we study their generalizations. These soft neutrosophic algebraic structures are basically parameterized collections of neutrosophic sub-algebraic structures of the neutrosophic algebraic structure. An important feature of this book is that the authors introduce the soft neutrosophic group ring, soft neutrosophic semigroup ring with its generalization, and soft mixed neutrosophic N-algebraic structure over neutrosophic group ring, then the neutrosophic semigroup ring and mixed neutrosophic N-algebraic structure respectively.