Non Volatile Memory Based Computer Systems And Methods Thereof

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An example method for segmenting an object contained in an image includes receiving an image including a plurality of pixels , transforming a plurality of characteristics of a pixel into respective neutrosophic set domains , calculating a neutrosophic similarity score for the pixel based on the respective neutrosophic set domains for the characteristics of the pixel , segmenting an object from background of the image using a region growing algorithm based on the neutrosophic similarity score for the pixel , and receiving a margin adjustment related to the object segmented from the background of the image .

In this work, algorithms and architectures for cryptography and source coding are developed, which are suitable for many resource-constrained embedded systems such as non-volatile flash memories. A new concept for elliptic curve cryptography is presented, which uses an arithmetic over Gaussian integers. Gaussian integers are a subset of the complex numbers with integers as real and imaginary parts. Ordinary modular arithmetic over Gaussian integers is computational expensive. To reduce the complexity, a new arithmetic based on the Montgomery reduction is presented. For the elliptic curve point multiplication, this arithmetic over Gaussian integers improves the computational efficiency, the resistance against side channel attacks, and reduces the memory requirements. Furthermore, an efficient variant of the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) algorithm for universal lossless data compression is investigated. Instead of one LZW dictionary, this algorithm applies several dictionaries to speed up the encoding process. Two dictionary partitioning techniques are introduced that improve the compression rate and reduce the memory size of this parallel dictionary LZW algorithm.

Our life is dominated by hardware: a USB stick, the processor in our laptops or the SIM card in our smart phone. But who or what makes sure that these systems work stably, safely and securely from the word go? The computer - with a little help from humans. The overall name for this is CAD (computer-aided design), and it’s become hard to imagine our modern industrial world without it. So how can we be sure that the hardware and computer systems we use are reliable? By using formal methods: these are techniques and tools to calculate whether a system description is in itself consistent or whether requirements have been developed and implemented correctly. Or to put it another way: they can be used to check the safety and security of hardware and software. Just how this works in real life was also of interest at the annual conference on "Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design (FMCAD)". Under the direction of Ruzica Piskac and Michael Whalen, the 21st Conference in October 2021 addressed the results of the latest research in the field of formal methods. A volume of conference proceedings with over 30 articles covering a wide range of formal methods has now been published for this online conference: starting from the verification of hardware, parallel and distributed systems as well as neuronal networks, right through to machine learning and decision-making procedures. This volume provides a fascinating insight into revolutionary methods, technologies, theoretical results and tools for formal logic in computer systems and system developments.

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