Ocean States

This is the first comprehensive study on archipelagic regimes published since the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982. The book traces the historical evolution of the archipelagic concept in international law and examines the definition of archipelagos and archipelagic states. The nature, status and regime of the waters of different types of archipelagos is examined and analysed from the perspective of archipelagic states and is based on the requirement of such states for territorial integrity and self-determination. The book introduces the concept of `Ocean States' and links Ocean States with the archipelagic concept. The archipelagic concept is viewed as a practical as well as a functional basis for the determination of the territorial limits of Ocean States.

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Praise for the first edition: “This book would be especially good for the shelf of anyone who already knows nonparametrics, but wants a reference for how to apply those techniques in R.” -The American Statistician This thoroughly updated and expanded second edition of Nonparametric Statistical Methods Using R covers traditional nonparametric methods and rank-based analyses. Two new chapters covering multivariate analyses and big data have been added. Core classical nonparametrics chapters on one- and two-sample problems have been expanded to include discussions on ties as well as power and sample size determination. Common machine learning topics --- including k-nearest neighbors and trees --- have also been included in this new edition. Key Features: Covers a wide range of models including location, linear regression, ANOVA-type, mixed models for cluster correlated data, nonlinear, and GEE-type. Includes robust methods for linear model analyses, big data, time-to-event analyses, timeseries, and multivariate. Numerous examples illustrate the methods and their computation. R packages are available for computation and datasets. Contains two completely new chapters on big data and multivariate analysis. The book is suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in statistics and data science, and students of other majors with a solid background in statistical methods including regression and ANOVA. It will also be of use to researchers working with nonparametric and rank-based methods in practice.

This book presents the latest scientific views on resource use conflicts in the Arctic seas. The main areas of focus are the biological resources of Arctic seas vs. exploitation of oil and gas resources, and the conflicts in between. In addition, climate change is presented as a stressor, which both limits and facilitates the economic availability of resources in the Arctic. The book is divided into five parts. Part 1 examines Arctic ecosystems, resilience of the marine environment and possible conflicts between industrial sector and biological world. The focus of Part 2 is on transport infrastructure along the northern routes. Issues such as Arctic maritime operations, black carbon and unmanned aerial vehicles are considered. Part 3 focuses on resource use conflicts in Arctic seas and on the most recent threats in terms of Arctic oil and gas exploration, offshore logistics operations as well as transportation of oil and oil products. Discussions in Part 4 of the book are concentrated around social aspects and involvement of local communities. Tourism development, preservation of indigenous culture, engagement of communities on relevant Arctic issues, search and rescue in the cold marine environment are examples of questions raised. The book reviews Arctic-specific petroleum regulations, the state of preparedness to oil spill accidents in the region as well as the latest developments in oil spill response technologies and their limitations. Search and rescue operations are reviewed and how working in this harsh Arctic environment affects the ability of rescue technicians to perform the required technical skills. Part 5 considers the sustainability challenges arising from the marine resource exploitation. The focus is on the vulnerability of Arctic ecosystems to disturbance – both natural and anthropogenic.