Patrimoine Mondial

This book explores the objects, means and ends of international cultural heritage protection. It starts from a broad conception of cultural heritage that encompasses both tangible property, such as museum objects or buildings, and intangible heritage, such as languages and traditions. Cultural heritage thus defined is protected by various legal regimes, including the law of armed conflicts, UNESCO Conventions and international criminal law. With a view to strengthening international protection, the authors analyze existing regimes and elaborate innovative concepts, such as blue helmets of culture and safe havens for endangered cultural heritage. Finally, the ends of international protection come to the fore, and the authors address possible conflicts between protecting cultural diversity and wishes to strengthen cultural identity.

Not all World Heritage Sites have people living within or close by their boundaries, but many do. The designation of World Heritage status brings a new dimension to the functioning of local communities and particularly through tourism. Too many tourists accentuated by the World Heritage label, or in some cases not enough tourists, despite anticipation of increased numbers, can act to disrupt and disturb relations within a community and between communities. Either way, tourism can be seen as a form of activity that can generate interest and concern as it is played out within World Heritage Sites. But the relationships that World Heritage Sites and their consequent tourism share with communities are not just a function of the number of tourists. The relationships are complex and ever changing as the communities themselves change and are built upon long-standing and wider contextual factors that stretch beyond tourism. This volume, drawing upon a wide range of international cases relating to some 33 World Heritage Sites, reveals the multiple dimensions of the relations that exist between the sites and local communities. The designation of the sites can create, obscure and heighten the power relations between different parts of a community, between different communities and between the tourism and the heritage sector. Increasingly, the management of World Heritage is not only about the management of buildings and landscapes but about managing the communities that live and work in or near them.

Earthen architecture constitutes one of the most diverse forms of cultural heritage and one of the most challenging to preserve. It dates from all periods and is found on all continents but is particularly prevalent in Africa, where it has been a building tradition for centuries. Sites range from ancestral cities in Mali to the palaces of Abomey in Benin, from monuments and mosques in Iran and Buddhist temples on the Silk Road to Spanish missions in California. This volume's sixty-four papers address such themes as earthen architecture in Mali, the conservation of living sites, local knowledge systems and intangible aspects, seismic and other natural forces, the conservation and management of archaeological sites, research advances, and training.

The State of Qatar, the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee (AALCC), in cooperation with the Secretariat of the United Nations and Frère Cholmeley (Paris) organised the Conference on International Legal Issues Arising under the United Nations Decade of International Law in Doha, Qatar on 22--25 March 1994. Around 60 speakers and 200 participants from more than 40 nations freely expressed their views on the progressive development of international law and its codification with a view to States' actions in the future adhering to the principles of international law as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations. The subjects dealt with by the Conference had one thing in common: they were all topical issues or, in French, `des questions d'actualité', and will remain thus throughout the United Nations Decade of International Law. The various themes were Environmental Law, the Law of the Sea, the Settlement of Disputes, Humanitarian Law, and the Rio Conference, Post-Rio and the New International Economic Order. This book which contains the Conference proceedings will be of great interest to lawyers specializing in international law. The book is not only a photograph of some very important issues as they existed and were perceived in 1994, it will also serve as a reference book and a unique tool which will be indispensable to understanding some of the most crucial legal problems with which the world community is faced today.