Physico Chemical Phenomena In Thin Films And At Solid Surfaces

The book is devoted to the consideration of the different processes taking place in thin films and at surfaces. Since the most important physico-chemical phenomena in such media are accompanied by the rearrangement of an intra- and intermolecular coordinates and consequently a surrounding molecular ensemble, the theory of radiationless multi-vibrational transitions is used for its description. The second part of the book considers the numerous surface phenomena. And in the third part is described the preparation methods and characteristics of different types of thin films. Both experimental and theoretical descriptions are represented. Media rearrangement coupled with the reagent transformation largely determines the absolute value and temperature dependence of the rate constants and other characteristics of the considered processes. These effects are described at the atomic or molecular level based on the multi-phonon theory, starting from the first pioneering studies through to contemporary studies. A number of questions are included at the end of many chapters to further reinforce the material presented. · Unified approach to the description of numerous physico-chemical phenomena in different materials · Based on the pioneering research work of the authors · Explantion of a variety of experimental observations · Material is presented at two levels of complexity for specialists and non-specialists · Identifies existing and potential applications of the processes and phenomena · Includes questions at the end of some chapters to further reinforce the material discussed

Films on Solid Surfaces presents the physics and chemistry of physical adsorption. This book contains 10 chapters that are ordered according to the flow of a course given in a graduate study in University of Washington during 1973. The introductory chapter presents the motivation for the completion of the book. As the motivating factors are established, the book follows with the topic on atomic nature of physical adsorption and the states of single adsorbed atoms. A review of experimental techniques for the study of solid surfaces and films is given, as well as a discussion of substrate preparation and equilibrium thermodynamics. The various states of films and their phase transitions encompass four chapters. Lastly, the book also reviews thin film superfluidity. This book specifically caters to scientists in the fields of physics and biology working on physical adsorption and surface science.

The collisions of neutral or charged gaseous particles with solid surfaces govern many physical and chemical phenomena, as has been The gas/solid phenomena in turn depend on a recognized for a long time. great variety of processes such as the charge transfer of the gas/solid interface, adsorption and desorption, the energy transfer between an incident particle and the surface, etc. Our knowledge of these processes, however, is only fragmentary. This is partly due to the difficulty in adequately controlling the ex perimental conditions. Consequently, until recently the data were usually so complex that reliable information about a particular elementary process could not be deduced. Within the last five to ten years, however, the techniques of ultra-high vacuum and surface preparation have developed rapidly and there has been a booming and widespread interest in the role of gas/solid interactions in such diverse fields as plasma physics, thermonuclear reactions, thermionic energy conversion, ion propulsion, sputtering corrosion of the surface of satellites and ion engines, ion getter pumps, deposition of thin films, etc. This led to extensive investigations of numerous gas/solid phenomena, such as surface ionization, sputtering, emission of secondary electrons and ions from surfaces under atom and/or ion impact, ion neutralization, and the thermal accomodation of gaseous particles on surfaces. As a result, it has become possible to gather a variety of valuable information.

Development of the thin film and coating technologies (TFCT) made possible the technological revolution in electronics and through it the revolution in IT and communications in the end of the twentieth century. Now, TFCT penetrated in many sectors of human life and industry: biology and medicine; nuclear, fusion, and hydrogen energy; protection against corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement; jet engine; space materials science; and many others. Currently, TFCT along with nanotechnologies is the most promising for the development of almost all industries. The 20 chapters of this book present the achievements of thin-film technology in many areas mentioned above but more than any other in medicine and biology and energy saving and energy efficiency.

Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 Based Thin Film Solar Cells provides valuable contents about the fabrication and characterization of chalcopyrite Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 based thin film solar cells and modules. The growth of chalcopyrite Cu(In1-xGax)(S1-ySey)2 absorbers, buffers, window layers, antireflection coatings, and finally metallic grids, which are the sole components of solar cells, is clearly illustrated. The absorber, which contains multiple elements, segregates secondary phases if the growth conditions are not well optimized i.e., the main drawback in the fabrication of solar cells. More importantly the solutions for the growth of thin films are given in detail. The properties of all the individual layers and single crystals including solar cells analyzed by different characterization techniques such as SEM, AFM, XPS, AES, TEM, XRD, optical, photoluminescence, and Raman spectroscopy are explicitly demonstrated. The electrical analyses such as conductivities, Hall mobilities, deep level transient spectroscopy measurements etc., provide a broad picture to understand thin films or single crystals and their solar cells. The book clearly explains the working principle of energy conversion from solar to electrical with basic sciences for the chalcopyrite based thin film solar cells. Also, it demonstrates important criteria on how to enhance efficiency of the solar cells and modules. The effect of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, aging etc., on the devices is mentioned by citing several examples. Illustrates a number of growth techniques to prepare thin film layers for solar cells Discusses characterization techniques such as XRD, TEM, XPS, AFM, SEM, PL, CL, Optical measurements, and Electrical measurements Includes I-V, C-V measurements illustrations Provides analysis of solar cell efficiency Presents current trends in thin film solar cells research and marketing

The book presents a collection of practical applications of image processing and analysis. Different vision systems are more often used among others in the automotive industry, pharmacy, military and police equipment, automated production and measurement systems. In each of these fields of technology, digital image processing and analysis module is a critical part of the process of building this type of system. The majority of books in the market deal with theoretical issues. However, this unique publication specially highlights industrial applications, especially industrial measurement applications. Along with its wide spectrum of image processing and analysis applications, this book is an interesting reference for both students and professionals. Contents:Theoretical Introduction to Image Reconstruction and Processing:Data Set Preparation for k-NN Classifier Using the Measure of Representativeness (Marcin Raniszewski)Segmentation Methods in the Selected Industrial Computer Vision Application (Anna Fabijanska and Dominik Sankowski)Line Fractional-Order Difference/Sum, Its Properties and an Application in Image Processing (Piotr Ostalczyk)Computer Vision in Robotics:Management Software for Distributed Mobile Robot System (Maciej Łaski, Sylwester Błaszczyk, Piotr Duch, Rafał Jachowicz, Adam Wulkiewicz, Dominik Sankowski and Piotr Ostalczyk)Advanced Vision Systems in Detection and Analysis of Characteristic Features of Objects (Adam Wulkiewicz, Rafał Jachowicz, Sylwester Błaszczyk, Piotr Duch, Maciej Łaski, Dominik Sankowski and Piotr Ostalczyk)Pattern Recognition Algorithms for the Navigation of Mobile Platform (Rafał Jachowicz, Sylwester Błaszczyk, Piotr Duch, Maciej Łaski, Adam Wulkiewicz, Dominik Sankowski and Piotr Ostalczyk)Partial Fractional-Order Difference in the Edge Detection (Piotr Duch, Rafał Jachowicz, Sylwester Błaszczyk, Maciej Łaski, Adam Wulkiewicz, Piotr Ostalczyk and Dominik Sankowski)Application of Fractional-Order Derivative for Edge Detection in Mobile Robot System (Sylwester Błaszczyk, Rafał Jachowicz, Piotr Duch, Maciej Łaski, Adam Wulkiewicz, Piotr Ostalczyk and Dominik Sankowski)Vision Based Human-Machine Interfaces: Visem Recognition (Krzysztof Ślot, Agnieszka Owczarek and Maria Janczyk)Industrial Applications of Computer Vision in Process Tomography, Material Science and Temperature Control:Hybrid Boundary Element Method Applied for Diffusion Tomography Problems (Jan Sikora, Maciej Pańczyk and Paweł Wieleba)Two-phase Gas-Liquid Flow Structures and Phase Distribution Determination Based on 3D Electrical Capacitance Tomography Visualization (Robert Banasiak, Radosław Wajman, Tomasz Jaworski, Paweł Fiderek, Jacek Nowakowski and Henryk Fidos)Tomographic Visualization of Dynamic Industrial Solid Transporting and Storage Systems (Zbigniew Chaniecki, Krzysztof Grudzień and Andrzej Romanowski)Tomography Data Processing for Multiphase Industrial Process Monitoring (Krzysztof Grudzień, Zbigniew Chaniecki, Andrzej Romanowski, Jacek Nowakowski and Dominik Sankowski)Dedicated 3D Image Processing Methods for the Analysis of X-Ray Tomography Data: Case Study of Materials Science (Laurent Babout and Marcin Janaszewski)Selected Algorithms of Quantitative Image Analysis for Measurements of Properties Characterizing Interfacial Interactions at High Temperatures (Krzysztof Strzecha, Anna Fabijańska, Tomasz Koszmider and Dominik Sankowski)Theoretical Introduction to Image Reconstruction for Capacitance Process Tomography (Radosław Wajman, Krzysztof Grudzien, Robert Banasiak, Andrzej Romanowski, Zbigniew Chaniecki and Dominik Sankowski)Infra-Red Thermovision in Surface Temperature Control System (Jacek Kucharski, Tomasz Jaworski, Andrzej Frączyk and Piotr Urbanek)Medical and Other Applications of Computer Vision:The Computer Evaluation of Surface Color Changes in Cultivated Plants Influence by Different Environmental Factors (Joanna Sekulska-Nalewajko and Jarosław Gocławski)Various Approaches to Processing and Analysis of Images Obtained from Immunoenzymatic Visualization of Secretory Activity with ELISPOT Method (Wojciech Bieniecki and Szymon Grabowski)Image Processing and Analysis Algorithms for Assessment and Diagnosis of Brain Diseases (Anna Fabijanska and Tomasz Węglinski)Computer Systems for Studying Dynamic Properties of Materials at High Temperatures (Marcin Bąkała, Rafał Wojciechowski and Dominik Sankowski) Readership: Researchers, professionals and academics in image analysis, machine perception/computer vision, software engineering and fuzzy logic. Keywords:Image Processing;Computer Vision;Robotics;Pattern Recognition;Fuzzy Logic;Process Tomography;Mobile Robots

2D and Quasi-2D Composite and Nanocomposite Materials: Theory, Properties and Photonic Applications covers the theory, characterization and computational modeling of 2D composite materials and shows how they are used for the creation of materials for 3D structures The book covers three major themes: Properties of 2D and quasi-2D composites are discussed in the context of homogenization theory. Homogenization results are discussed for spatiotemporal material composites assembled from materials which are distributed on a micro-scale in space and in time. New types of transport phenomena and localization in random media are addressed, with particular attention to the non-reciprocity of transport coefficients. Plasmonics and magneto-optics are also of particular interest. Magneto-transport and sub-wavelength resolution in electromagnetic and acoustic imaging are further considered. This book is an important resource for materials scientists and engineers working on nanomaterials, photonic composites, and materials theory, modeling and simulations. Outlines major modelling techniques of 2D nanocomposites for photonic applications Explores how the properties of 2D nanocomposites make them suitable for use for building 3D structures Assesses the challenges of using 2D nanocomposites for designing new devices on a mass scale

Small systems are a very active area of research and development due to improved instrumentation that allows for spatial resolution in the range of sizes from one to 100 nm. In this size range, many physical and chemical properties change, which opens up new approaches to the study of substances and their practical application. This affects both traditional fields of knowledge and many other new fields including physics, chemistry, biology, etc. This book highlights new developments in statistical thermodynamics that answer the most important questions about the specifics of small systems - when one cannot apply equations or traditional thermodynamic models.