Pioneers Of Globalization

A 270-page time travel along the routes that led to the birth of Globalization, contributing robust evidence regarding the pioneering role of the Portuguese in this important chapter in the evolution of the world system. The Portuguese alone originated the maritime routes on a global scale and this feat will remain recorded in human history for the millennia to come. INNOVATION & STRATEGY IN MODERN HISTORY The world system’s telltale signature unveils the emergence of the first globalizing power Five main theses are defended in this book: • History is not a mere accumulation of past facts, the fruit of chance and uncertainty, and the Science of History is not a simplistic narrative of past ‘stories.’ • Globalization is an evolutionary and irreversible process, initially conceived in China around the 10th century, and born with the Portuguese Discoveries movement in the 15th and 16th centuries. • The Portuguese were pioneers in the process that led to the transition to a true global system of cultural and commercial exchange. • The application of systemic methodology to the analysis of History allows for the construction of viable future scenarios. • There is an inheritance from the Portuguese generations active during the apex period between the 15th and 16th centuries (the “Discoveries Matrix”), as well as a portfolio of acquired knowledge regarding this country’s capacity for resilience and its historical relationship to some of the emerging 21st century powers.

Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject Politics - Topic: Globalization, Political Economics, grade: 2.0, Ruhr-University of Bochum (European Culture & Economy), course: MA (ECUE), language: English, abstract: The term globalization first appeared in 1962 as jargon. Perhaps this is one of the most controversial terms in recent history. The Economist has called it “the most abused word of the 21st century”. Globalization means different things to different people. Anthony Giddens rightly says “As an unpredictable and turbulent process, globalization is seen and understood very differently by observers.” Globalization gurus are puzzled about the direction and consequences of globalization. Some appreciate it and believe that it would lead to universal peace and harmony- nirvana. Others condemn it, as they believe that it would lead to all kind of chaos and Unordnung. Unfortunately it is also true. Globalization has also contributed to recent terrorism. In this work I make an impartial attempt to present an objective understanding of the term “Globalization”. Globalization is causing many structural changes and I admit that some of them are very cruel. Can globalization be stopped ? If, not then what strategy should be adopted to protect the masses. This work aims to find answers to several such questions. I begin with conceptualization of the term globalization. Then I briefly describes implications of globalization in various fields. Later part mainly deals with economic, political and communication dimensions of globalization. Attempts are made to trace the origin of globalization. Several debatable and contradictory arguments are put also forward. Assuming globalization as dependent variable, I proceed to elaborate on various factors, which causes globalization. Internet, bandwidth and flow of information without any hindrance have contributed to contemporary globalization. Such free flow of information has also occasionally led to divisions among humanity.Al Jazeera’s live broadcast of conflicts has created hindrance between Arabs and Israelis. Globalization is creating significant impact on welfare system in developed countries. Therefore, taking globalization as an independent variable I deal with it’s consequences in the forthcoming part. The discussion about globalization would be incomplete without mentioning contribution of America and also how globalization has led to terrorism. Globalization is reality and it comes with both advantages and disadvantages. Measures should be initiated to control negative impacts of globalization and positive aspects should be encouraged. Concluding chapter deal with certain surviving strategies.

This book presents an alternative theory of globalization that derives not from the dominant perspective of the West, from which this process emerged, but from the critical vantage point of the Third World, which has borne the heaviest burdens of globalization. It offers a critical and uniquely first-hand perspective that is lacking not only from the apologists of Western hegemony, but from most scholars writing against this hegemony from within the globalizing world. Renowned throughout Latin America and parts of Europe, the author, Brazilian geographer Milton Santos, has long been for the most part inaccessible to the English-speaking world. Only one of his books, The Shared Space: The Two Circuits of the Urban Economy in Underdeveloped Countries, published in 1975, has been translated into English; nevertheless, the works of Santos's most important phase, from the 1980s until his death in 2001, have remained unavailable to English readers. With the translation of Toward an Other Globalization, one of the last works published in Santos’s lifetime, this situation has finally been rectified. In this book, Santos argues that we must consider globalization in three different senses: globalization as a fable (the world as globalizing agents make us believe), as perversity (the world as it is presently, in the throes of globalization), and as possibility (the world as it could be). What emerges from the analysis of these three senses is an alternative theory of globalization rooted in the perspective of the so-called Global South. Santos concludes his text with a message that is optimistic, but in no way naïve. What he offers instead is a revolutionary optimism and, indeed, an other globalization.

Canada has always been a trading nation. From the early days of fur and fish to the present, when a remarkable 90 percent of the gross national product is attributable to exports and imports, Canadians have relied on international trade to bolster their economy. A Trading Nation, a brilliantly crafted overview and analysis of the historical foundations of modern Canadian trade policy, is the first survey to address the history of Canadian commercial policy in over 50 years. Michael Hart skillfully guides readers through more than three centuries of Canadian trade history. His engaging narrative explains how Canadians have largely come to accept that a country that derives much of its wealth from international commerce has much to gain from an open, well-ordered international economy. Close attention to trade and related economic policy choices, he argues, is crucial if Canada intends to adapt to the challenges of the new globalized economy.

This book focuses on a central concept that “Theory is History”, as the theory of capitalism can only be formulated on the basis of an analysis of its history. In contrast, bourgeois thinking replaces the analysis of historical capitalism with an abstract theory without any links to reality. “Economics”, which is the theory of an imaginary system, then becomes an apologia intended to give legitimacy to the behaviour of the owners of capital. The author pays special attention to the globalization of the law of value. The individual chapters illustrate the author’s thesis by focusing on the links between capital and land ownership, between modernity and religious interpretation, and on questions of the global expansion of capitalism, particularly the ways it has evolved in certain countries, in this case Russia and China. This anthology supplements the author’s previous work, centred on the rise of the South—his reading of capitalism focusing on its imperialist nature.

George Louis Beer Prize Winner Wallace K. Ferguson Prize Finalist A Marginal Revolution Book of the Year “A groundbreaking contribution...Intellectual history at its best.” —Stephen Wertheim, Foreign Affairs Neoliberals hate the state. Or do they? In the first intellectual history of neoliberal globalism, Quinn Slobodian follows a group of thinkers from the ashes of the Habsburg Empire to the creation of the World Trade Organization to show that neoliberalism emerged less to shrink government and abolish regulations than to redeploy them at a global level. It was a project that changed the world, but was also undermined time and again by the relentless change and social injustice that accompanied it. “Slobodian’s lucidly written intellectual history traces the ideas of a group of Western thinkers who sought to create, against a backdrop of anarchy, globally applicable economic rules. Their attempt, it turns out, succeeded all too well.” —Pankaj Mishra, Bloomberg Opinion “Fascinating, innovative...Slobodian has underlined the profound conservatism of the first generation of neoliberals and their fundamental hostility to democracy.” —Adam Tooze, Dissent “The definitive history of neoliberalism as a political project.” —Boston Review

Now fully revised and updated, this seminal text asks if there is cultural life after the "clash of civilizations" and global McDonaldization. Jan Nederveen Pieterse argues that what is taking place is a global culture of hybridization. In a new chapter, the author explores East-West hybridities—the idea that globalization is a process of braiding rather than simply a diffusion from developed to developing countries. His historically deep and geographically wide approach to globalization is essential reading as we face the spread of conflicts bred by cultural misunderstanding.

The historical figures responsible for today's global economy