Plant Viruses And Virus Diseases

Handbook of Plant Virus Diseases presents basic information about viral-caused and viral-like diseases in many cultivated crops. The editors, internationally known plant pathologists, provide authoritative descriptive symptomatic signatures of virus diseases, to aid in the diagnosis and possible control of viruses. This handbook organizes cultivated plants into groups according to their final destinations and uses after harvest-a useful grouping system that indicates that some diseases, their resultant epidemiology, and control measures are characteristic within different groups.

The Subject Of Plant Viruses And Virus Diseases Are Receiving Increasing Attention At The Hands Of Research Scholars Such As Chemists, Crystallographers, Entomologists, Geneticists, Serologists, Physicists Etc. They Are Able To Bring Fresh Techniques To The Subject. The Book Is An Attempt To Describe And Correlate The Advances That Have Been Made So Far In The Study Of Plant Viruses, And Virus Diseases. During The Past Few Years, Many New Virus Diseases Have Been Described, Some Of Great Economic Importance And Some With Novel Kinds Of Symptoms; Much Has Been Done On The Factors That Affect Spread; And Insect Vectors Have Been Identified In Species Of Insects Previously Not Incriminated. More Viruses Have Been Purified And Their Chemical Constitution Has Been Further Elucidated, And The Advances In Electron Microscopy Have Provided Much Information On Their Morphology. All These Developments Have Been Incorporated In The Book. The Book Is A Treasure For Agriculture And Horticulture Departments And All Those Interested In These Subjects. Contents Chapter 1: Introduction; Definition Of Subject, Economic Importance, Historical, Views On The Nature Of Viruses, Nomenclature, Chapter 2: External Symptoms Of Infected Plants; Range Of Host Plant Reactions, Type Diseases, Virus Strains, Effects Of Environment On Symptoms, Chapter 3: Internal Symptoms Of Infected Plants; Intracellular Inclusions Formed By Tobacco Mosaic Viruses, Possible Relationship Between Tobacco Mosaic Viruses And The Intracellular Inclusions, Intracellular Inclusions Caused By Viruses Other Than Tobacco Mosaic, Internal Changes Other Than Intracellular Inclusions, Chapter 4: Methods Of Transmission; Grafting And The Use Of Dodder, Inoculation With Plant Extracts, Transmission By Insects, Seed Borne Viruses, Soil Borne Viruses, Chapter 5: The Relations Between Viruses And Their Vectors; Viruses Which Persist In Their Insect Vectors, Latent Period And Virus Multiplication In Vectors, Viruses Whose Vectors Soon Lose Infectivity, Effect Of The Number Of Insects In Transmitting, Chapter 6: Mutation, Interference Between Strains, And Recovery From Disease; Kinds Of Variation, Origin Of Variation, Acquired Immunity, Chapter 7: Serological Reactions Of Plant Viruses; Preparation Of Antisera, Methods Of Testing, The Antigenicity Of Plant Viruses, Neutralisation Of Infectivity, Specificity Of Serological Reactions, Effect Of Particle Shape Of Serological Reactions, Chapter 8: Quantitative Methods Of Assaying For Viruses; The Use Of Local Lesions, Starch Iodine Lesions, The Use Of Preciptin Tests, Chapter 9: The Purification Of Viruses; Treatment Of Plants, Tobacco Mosaic And Other Anisometric Viruses, Tomato Bushy Stunt And Other Crystalline Viruses, High Speed Centrifugation, Activity Of Purifie Preparations, Proteins From Healthy Plants, Chapter 10: Chemical And Physical Properties Of Purified Virus Preparations; Elementary Composition, Isolation And Properties Of Nucleic Acid, The Denatured Protein, Specific Volume And Hydration, Precipitation And Isoelectric Points, Chapter 11: The Crystallinity Of Plant Viruses; Optical Properties Of Crystals, Anistropy Of Flow And The Layering Phenomenon, Crystal And Liquid Crystals, Chapter 12: The Estimation Of Particle Sizes; Filtration, Sedimentation And Diffusion, Microscopy And X-Ray Diffraction, Additional Methods, The Aggregation Of Anisometric Viruses, Chapter 13: Types Of Inactivation; Inhibition Of Infectivity, Inactivation Without Lossof Serological Activity, Inactivation And Denaturation, Chapter 14: Taxonomy Of Viruses; Nomenclature And Classification, The Grouping Of Virus Strains, The Formation Of Larger Groups, Chapter 15: Virus Diseases And Host Plant Physiology; Host Plant Metabolism And Susceptibility, Effects Of Viruses On Host Plant Metabolism, The Movement Of Viruses, Chapter 16: Control Measures Against Virus Diseases; Curative Treatments, General Measures, Insect Borne Viruses, Viruses Transmitted Mechanically, Chapter 17: Speculations On The Origins Of Viruses.

A Textbook of Plant Virus Diseases deals with a discussion of different plant viruses, their properties, and the corresponding diseases these viruses cause. It includes a list of host plants of every virus arranged alphabetically. The book discusses the new types of disease vectors, such as root-infesting fungi, nematode worms, mites, and insects that are both biting and sucking. It also discusses the development of new techniques in electron microscopy that is used to characterize in detail the causal viruses of a number of plant virus diseases. Furthermore, it presents the development of plant virus serology, as well as the improved methods of virus isolation that allow the classification of viruses into related groups. The book includes a Bibliography and an Index of Synonyms that can be used in identifying given virus name. In addition, cross-references are included for searching a particular virus under the alternative names. This book will be invaluable to ecologists, environmentalists, agriculturalists, and other scientists interested in plant viruses. Biology students will also find this reference helpful.

In the sixth edition of Plant Viruses, each section has been brought up to date and some additions made. A short account is given of a new technique, the protoplast-culture of plant viruses. The omission in the fifth edition of the Mycoplasma-like organisms has been criticized on the grounds of the close simi larity of symptom expression and techniques of study between Mycoplasmas and plant viruses. To meet this criticism Chapter 16, which gives a brief account of these organisms, is included. Some of the plates have been changed and new ones added. Grateful acknowledgment is due to Dr Aaron KIug F.R.S. and his colleagues, to Drs D. A. Govier, Basil Kassanis F.R.S. and Karl Maramorsch for permission to use their recent work. Acknowledgement is also due to several friends who have supplied prints of illustrations from their published work; credit has been given to authors in the illustration legends. Mr Denis C. Ingram, editor to Chapman and Hall, has been most helpful and co-operative throughout.

Pathogens transmitted among humans, animals, or plants by insects and arthropod vectors have been responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout recorded history. Such vector-borne diseases â€" including malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and plague â€" together accounted for more human disease and death in the 17th through early 20th centuries than all other causes combined. Over the past three decades, previously controlled vector-borne diseases have resurged or reemerged in new geographic locations, and several newly identified pathogens and vectors have triggered disease outbreaks in plants and animals, including humans. Domestic and international capabilities to detect, identify, and effectively respond to vector-borne diseases are limited. Few vaccines have been developed against vector-borne pathogens. At the same time, drug resistance has developed in vector-borne pathogens while their vectors are increasingly resistant to insecticide controls. Furthermore, the ranks of scientists trained to conduct research in key fields including medical entomology, vector ecology, and tropical medicine have dwindled, threatening prospects for addressing vector-borne diseases now and in the future. In June 2007, as these circumstances became alarmingly apparent, the Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a workshop to explore the dynamic relationships among host, pathogen(s), vector(s), and ecosystems that characterize vector-borne diseases. Revisiting this topic in September 2014, the Forum organized a workshop to examine trends and patterns in the incidence and prevalence of vector-borne diseases in an increasingly interconnected and ecologically disturbed world, as well as recent developments to meet these dynamic threats. Participants examined the emergence and global movement of vector-borne diseases, research priorities for understanding their biology and ecology, and global preparedness for and progress toward their prevention, control, and mitigation. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

This edited book elucidates the evolution of plant virus, genomic structure, diversity, plant-virus interaction, subcellular movement etc. The book reviews the biological machineries which allow the emergence of virus populations adapted by plant. The main objective of this book is the demonstration of a clear synergistic effect of plant viruses, an effect that was unexpectedly as important as applied alone. Ornamental plants are very popular and economically important worldwide. The international market of ornamentals is constantly expanding. Viruses and viroids can significantly reduce both decorative value and quality of propagated material of ornamentals. Due to the wide range of ornamental plant species and cultivars and their wide geographical distribution, the diversity of viruses that infect them is also high. The new emerging viruses are the causal agent for the economic loss of many important ornamental plants. Therefore, this book also adds value to current knowledge of virus stress response in ornamental plants and will provide the groundwork necessary for building future strategies for product enhancement. This book is of interest to teachers, researchers, capacity builders and policymakers. It can serve as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of virology, agriculture and plant sciences.