Pyrrhus Of Epirus

Pyrrhus was one of the most tireless and famous warriors of the Hellenistic Age that followed the dispersal of Alexander the Great's brief empire. After inheriting the throne as a boy, and a period of exile, he began a career of alliances and expansion, in particular against the region's rising power: Rome. Gathering both Greek and Italian allies into a very large army (which included war-elephants), he crossed to Italy in 280 BC, but lost most of his force in a series of costly victories at Heraclea and Asculum, as well as a storm at sea. After a campaign in Sicily against the Carthaginians, he was defeated by the Romans at Beneventum and was forced to withdraw. Undeterred, he fought wars in Macedonia and Greece, the last of which cost him his life. Fully illustrated with detailed colour plates, this is the story of one of the most renowned warrior-kings of the post-Alexandrian age, whose costly encounters with Republican Rome have become a byword for victory won at unsustainable cost.

This military biography chronicles the dramatic life of the Ancient Greek ruler whose name became synonymous with self-defeating victory. One of the most influential rulers of the Hellenistic period, Pyrrhus’s life was marked by profound reversals of fortune. Though he was born into the royal house of Epirus in northwest Greece, Pyrrhus was raised in exile. He nevertheless prospered in the chaotic years following the death of Alexander the Great, taking part in the coups and subterfuges of the Successor kingdoms. He became, at various times, king of Epirus (twice), Macedon (twice) and Sicily, as well as overlord of much of southern Italy. In 281 BC Pyrrhus was invited by the southern Italian states to defend them against the aggressive expansion of Rome. His early victories at Heraclea and Asculum were won at such disastrous cost that he was ultimately forced to retreat. These so-called Pyrrhic victories were the first duels between the developing Roman legions and the hitherto-dominant Hellenistic way of war with its pike phalanxes and elephants. Pyrrhus ultimately failed in Italy and Sicily but went on to further military adventures in Greece, eventually being killed while storming the city of Argos.

Pyrrhus was one of the most tireless and famous warriors of the Hellenistic Age that followed the dispersal of Alexander the Great's brief empire. After inheriting the throne as a boy, and a period of exile, he began a career of alliances and expansion, in particular against the region's rising power: Rome. Gathering both Greek and Italian allies into a very large army (which included war-elephants), he crossed to Italy in 280 BC, but lost most of his force in a series of costly victories at Heraclea and Asculum, as well as a storm at sea. After a campaign in Sicily against the Carthaginians, he was defeated by the Romans at Beneventum and was forced to withdraw. Undeterred, he fought wars in Macedonia and Greece, the last of which cost him his life. Fully illustrated with detailed colour plates, this is the story of one of the most renowned warrior-kings of the post-Alexandrian age, whose costly encounters with Republican Rome have become a byword for victory won at unsustainable cost.

*Includes pictures *Includes ancient accounts of Pyrrhus's life *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading "What a wrestling ground we are leaving, my friends, for the Carthaginians and the Romans." - Pyrrhus of Epirus The phrase a "Pyrrhic victory" is often used to denote a win that costs the victor more than the loser, but few have any notion of how the term came into use. Indeed, it would probably come as a surprise to many that it derives from a remark made by Pyrrhus of Epirus after a battle in which he had defeated his Roman enemies at Asculum. In the wake of the battle, Pyrrhus reportedly said, "If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans we shall be utterly ruined." Pyrrhus lived between 319 BCE and 272 BCE, and he was king of Epirus for the last 25 years of his life. He also ruled Macedonia on two separate occasions, from 288-284 BCE and from 273-272 BCE In addition to these achievements, Plutarch recorded that Hannibal regarded this mercurial leader as the greatest commander the world had ever known after Alexander the Great. Despite that high praise, he was hardly the image of the great warrior king. Plutarch wrote that he had, from an early age, a more terrifying appearance than a majestic one, with a distorted face and few teeth: "In the aspect of his countenance Pyrrhus had more of the terror than of the majesty of kingly power. He had not many teeth, but his upper jaw was one continuous bone, on which the usual intervals between the teeth were indicated by slight depressions. People of a splenetic habit believed that he cured their ailment; he would sacrifice a white cock, and, while the patient lay flat upon his back, would press gently with his right foot against the spleen. Nor was any one so obscure or poor as not to get this healing service from him if he asked it. The king would also accept the cock after he had sacrificed it, and this honorarium was most pleasing to him. It is said, further, that the great toe of his right foot had a divine virtue, so that after the rest of his body had been consumed, this was found to be untouched and unharmed by the fire. These things, however, belong to a later period." Nonetheless, Pyrrhus succeeded in making his small kingdom the pre-eminent polis in the Greek world, albeit for a very short time, and was able to challenge the growing might of Rome. Today, he is almost totally forgotten, with the possible exception of his wars against Rome, but the story of his life sheds much light on the post-Alexandrian Greek world and the rise of Rome, and it is a fascinating story in its own right of a talented, restless, and driven figure who, despite great success, was doomed to ultimate failure. He was in one sense an embodiment of the final Greek failure to maintain its position in the Mediterranean world in the face of the Roman challenge. Pyrrhus of Epirus: The Life and Legacy of One of the Ancient World's Most Famous Generals traces the history and legacy of one of the most influential cities of antiquity. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about the history of Nippur like never before.

Following up from the award-winning first volume of this trilogy, The Shaping of Destiny, Pyrrhus is now comfortable in his role of king of Epirus. It is 295 BC. He is soon to be embroiled again in his dealings with the great power, Macedonia, and his one-time friend, Demetrius. The cataclysmic event of his life then occurs: the invitation to help the Greek city of Tarentum in Italy. He invades Italy and confronts the growing power of Rome. This struggle between Greece and Rome lasted until 146 BC, the year of the sack of Corinth. It was Pyrrhus’ second victory against the Romans at Asculum in 279 BC that gave rise to the expression A Pyrrhic Victory, one that comes at such a cost that it threatens to destroy the victor. Pyrrhus was described by Hannibal as the finest commander the world had seen, after Alexander himself. “Writing with great style, Dr. Crouch brings this ancient age to life once more; maintaining an expert balance between historical accuracy and creative imagination. Dr. Crouch succeeds splendidly in conveying a compelling interpretation of the lives and loves, the achievements and aspirations of great men in a great age.” – Dr. Eoghan Maloney, lecturer in ancient history, University of Adelaide

Originally published in 1932, this book contains the text of the Prince Consort Prize Essay for 1930 on the subject of Epirus, the region on the periphery of the ancient Greek world and mostly remembered for their king Pyrrhus of Epirus. Cross examines the presentation of Epirus in historical and literary records from elsewhere in Greece, and traces its development as a region from its early status as a collection of tribes until its conquest by the Romans in 146 BC. Several appendices containing family trees of the Epirote rulers and the text of certain inscriptions pertaining to the region are also included. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in this often overlooked region of the ancient world.