Queries

One of the major concerns of theoretical computer science is the classifi cation of problems in terms of how hard they are. The natural measure of difficulty of a function is the amount of time needed to compute it (as a function of the length of the input). Other resources, such as space, have also been considered. In recursion theory, by contrast, a function is considered to be easy to compute if there exists some algorithm that computes it. We wish to classify functions that are hard, i.e., not computable, in a quantitative way. We cannot use time or space, since the functions are not even computable. We cannot use Turing degree, since this notion is not quantitative. Hence we need a new notion of complexity-much like time or spac~that is quantitative and yet in some way captures the level of difficulty (such as the Turing degree) of a function.

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This book constitutes the refereed proceeding of the 7th International Conference on Flexible Query Answering Systems, FQAS 2006, held in Milan, Italy in June 2006. The 60 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on flexibility in database management and quering, vagueness and uncertainty in XML quering and retrieval, information retrieval and filtering, multimedia information access, user modeling and personalization, knowledge and data extraction, intelligent information extraction from text, and knowledge representation and reasoning.

A guide to PowerPivot and Power Query no data cruncher should be without! Want to familiarize yourself with the rich set of Microsoft Excel tools and reporting capabilities available from PowerPivot and Power Query? Look no further! Excel PowerPivot & Power Query For Dummies shows you how this powerful new set of tools can be leveraged to more effectively source and incorporate 'big data' Business Intelligence and Dashboard reports. You'll discover how PowerPivot and Power Query not only allow you to save time and simplify your processes, but also enable you to substantially enhance your data analysis and reporting capabilities. Gone are the days of relatively small amounts of data—today's data environment demands more from business analysts than ever before. Now, with the help of this friendly, hands-on guide, you'll learn to use PowerPivot and Power Query to expand your skill-set from the one-dimensional spreadsheet to new territories, like relational databases, data integration, and multi-dimensional reporting. Demonstrates how Power Query is used to discover, connect to, and import your data Shows you how to use PowerPivot to model data once it's been imported Offers guidance on using these tools to make analyzing data easier Written by a Microsoft MVP in the lighthearted, fun style you've come to expect from the For Dummies brand If you spend your days analyzing data, Excel PowerPivot & Power Query For Dummies will get you up and running with the rich set of Excel tools and reporting capabilities that will make your life—and work—easier.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 33rd annual European Conference on Information Retrieval Research, ECIR 2011, held in Dublin, Ireland, in April 2010. The 45 revised full papers presented together with 24 poster papers, 17 short papers, and 6 tool demonstrations were carefully reviewed and selected from 223 full research paper submissions and 64 poster/demo submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on text categorization, recommender systems, Web IR, IR evaluation, IR for Social Networks, cross-language IR, IR theory, multimedia IR, IR applications, interactive IR, and question answering /NLP.

The annual colloquium on information retrieval research provides an opportunity for both new and established researchers to present papers describing work in progress or ?nal results. This colloquium was established by the BCS IRSG(B- tish Computer Society Information Retrieval Specialist Group), and named the Annual Colloquium on Information Retrieval Research. Recently, the location of the colloquium has alternated between the United Kingdom and continental Europe. To re?ect the growing European orientation of the event, the colloquium was renamed “European Annual Colloquium on Information Retrieval Research” from 2001. Since the inception of the colloquium in 1979 the event has been hosted in the city of Glasgow on four separate occasions. However, this was the ?rst time that the organization of the colloquium had been jointly undertaken by three separate computer and information science departments; an indication of the collaborative nature and diversity of IR research within the universities of the West of Scotland. The organizers of ECIR 2002 saw a sharp increase in the number of go- quality submissions in answer to the call for papers over previous years and as such 52 submitted papers were each allocated 3 members of the program committee for double blind review of the manuscripts. A total of 23 papers were eventually selected for oral presentation at the colloquium in Glasgow which gave an acceptance rate of less than 45% and ensured a very high standard of the papers presented.