Queueing Theory 2

The aim of this book is to reflect the current cutting-edge thinking and established practices in the investigation of queueing systems and networks. This second volume includes eight chapters written by experts wellknown in their areas. The book conducts a stability analysis of certain types of multiserver regenerative queueing systems; a transient evaluation of Markovian queueing systems, focusing on closed-form distributions and numerical techniques; analysis of queueing models in service sectors using analytical and simulation approaches; plus an investigation of probability distributions in queueing models and their use in economics, industry, demography and environmental studies. This book also considers techniques for the control of information in queueing systems and their impact on strategic customer behavior, social welfare and the revenue of monopolists. In addition, applications of maximum entropy methods of inference for the analysis of a stable M/G/1 queue with heavy tails, and inventory models with positive service time - including perishable items and stock supplied using various algorithmic control policies ((s; S); (r;Q), etc.).

Praise for the Third Edition "This is one of the best books available. Its excellent organizational structure allows quick reference to specific models and its clear presentation . . . solidifies the understanding of the concepts being presented." —IIE Transactions on Operations Engineering Thoroughly revised and expanded to reflect the latest developments in the field, Fundamentals of Queueing Theory, Fourth Edition continues to present the basic statistical principles that are necessary to analyze the probabilistic nature of queues. Rather than presenting a narrow focus on the subject, this update illustrates the wide-reaching, fundamental concepts in queueing theory and its applications to diverse areas such as computer science, engineering, business, and operations research. This update takes a numerical approach to understanding and making probable estimations relating to queues, with a comprehensive outline of simple and more advanced queueing models. Newly featured topics of the Fourth Edition include: Retrial queues Approximations for queueing networks Numerical inversion of transforms Determining the appropriate number of servers to balance quality and cost of service Each chapter provides a self-contained presentation of key concepts and formulae, allowing readers to work with each section independently, while a summary table at the end of the book outlines the types of queues that have been discussed and their results. In addition, two new appendices have been added, discussing transforms and generating functions as well as the fundamentals of differential and difference equations. New examples are now included along with problems that incorporate QtsPlus software, which is freely available via the book's related Web site. With its accessible style and wealth of real-world examples, Fundamentals of Queueing Theory, Fourth Edition is an ideal book for courses on queueing theory at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners who analyze congestion in the fields of telecommunications, transportation, aviation, and management science.

3. 2 The Busy Period 43 3. 3 The M 1M IS System with Last Come, First Served 50 3. 4 Comparison of FCFS and LCFS 51 3. 5 Time-Reversibility of Markov Processes 52 The Output Process 54 3. 6 3. 7 The Multi-Server System in a Series 55 Problems for Solution 3. 8 56 4 ERLANGIAN QUEUEING SYSTEMS 59 4. 1 Introduction 59 4. 2 The System M I E/c/1 60 4. 3 The System E/cl Mil 67 4. 4 The System MIDI1 72 4. 5 Problems for Solution 74 PRIORITY SYSTEMS 79 5 5. 1 Description of a System with Priorities 79 Two Priority Classes with Pre-emptive Resume Discipline 5. 2 82 5. 3 Two Priority Classes with Head-of-Line Discipline 87 5. 4 Summary of Results 91 5. 5 Optimal Assignment of Priorities 91 5. 6 Problems for Solution 93 6 QUEUEING NETWORKS 97 6. 1 Introduction 97 6. 2 A Markovian Network of Queues 98 6. 3 Closed Networks 103 Open Networks: The Product Formula 104 6. 4 6. 5 Jackson Networks 111 6. 6 Examples of Closed Networks; Cyclic Queues 112 6. 7 Examples of Open Networks 114 6. 8 Problems for Solution 118 7 THE SYSTEM M/G/I; PRIORITY SYSTEMS 123 7. 1 Introduction 123 Contents ix 7. 2 The Waiting Time in MIGI1 124 7. 3 The Sojourn Time and the Queue Length 129 7. 4 The Service Interval 132 7.

This is a graduate level textbook that covers the fundamental topics in queuing theory. The book has a broad coverage of methods to calculate important probabilities, and gives attention to proving the general theorems. It includes many recent topics, such as server-vacation models, diffusion approximations and optimal operating policies, and more about bulk-arrival and bull-service models than other general texts. Current, clear and comprehensive coverage A wealth of interesting and relevant examples and exercises to reinforce concepts Reference lists provided after each chapter for further investigation

The definitive guide to queueing theory and its practical applications—features numerous real-world examples of scientific, engineering, and business applications Thoroughly updated and expanded to reflect the latest developments in the field, Fundamentals of Queueing Theory, Fifth Edition presents the statistical principles and processes involved in the analysis of the probabilistic nature of queues. Rather than focus narrowly on a particular application area, the authors illustrate the theory in practice across a range of fields, from computer science and various engineering disciplines to business and operations research. Critically, the text also provides a numerical approach to understanding and making estimations with queueing theory and provides comprehensive coverage of both simple and advanced queueing models. As with all preceding editions, this latest update of the classic text features a unique blend of the theoretical and timely real-world applications. The introductory section has been reorganized with expanded coverage of qualitative/non-mathematical approaches to queueing theory, including a high-level description of queues in everyday life. New sections on non-stationary fluid queues, fairness in queueing, and Little’s Law have been added, as has expanded coverage of stochastic processes, including the Poisson process and Markov chains. • Each chapter provides a self-contained presentation of key concepts and formulas, to allow readers to focus independently on topics relevant to their interests • A summary table at the end of the book outlines the queues that have been discussed and the types of results that have been obtained for each queue • Examples from a range of disciplines highlight practical issues often encountered when applying the theory to real-world problems • A companion website features QtsPlus, an Excel-based software platform that provides computer-based solutions for most queueing models presented in the book. Featuring chapter-end exercises and problems—all of which have been classroom-tested and refined by the authors in advanced undergraduate and graduate-level courses—Fundamentals of Queueing Theory, Fifth Edition is an ideal textbook for courses in applied mathematics, queueing theory, probability and statistics, and stochastic processes. This book is also a valuable reference for practitioners in applied mathematics, operations research, engineering, and industrial engineering.

This introductory textbook is designed for a one-semester course on queueing theory that does not require a course on stochastic processes as a prerequisite. By integrating the necessary background on stochastic processes with the analysis of models, the work provides a sound foundational introduction to the modeling and analysis of queueing systems for a broad interdisciplinary audience of students in mathematics, statistics, and applied disciplines such as computer science, operations research, and engineering. This edition includes additional topics in methodology and applications. Key features: • An introductory chapter including a historical account of the growth of queueing theory in more than 100 years. • A modeling-based approach with emphasis on identification of models • Rigorous treatment of the foundations of basic models commonly used in applications with appropriate references for advanced topics. • A chapter on matrix-analytic method as an alternative to the traditional methods of analysis of queueing systems. • A comprehensive treatment of statistical inference for queueing systems. • Modeling exercises and review exercises when appropriate. The second edition of An Introduction of Queueing Theory may be used as a textbook by first-year graduate students in fields such as computer science, operations research, industrial and systems engineering, as well as related fields such as manufacturing and communications engineering. Upper-level undergraduate students in mathematics, statistics, and engineering may also use the book in an introductory course on queueing theory. With its rigorous coverage of basic material and extensive bibliography of the queueing literature, the work may also be useful to applied scientists and practitioners as a self-study reference for applications and further research. "...This book has brought a freshness and novelty as it deals mainly with modeling and analysis in applications as well as with statistical inference for queueing problems. With his 40 years of valuable experience in teaching and high level research in this subject area, Professor Bhat has been able to achieve what he aimed: to make [the work] somewhat different in content and approach from other books." - Assam Statistical Review of the first edition

Written with computer scientists and engineers in mind, this book brings queueing theory decisively back to computer science.

I. The single server queue GIIG/1 1 1. 1 Definitions 1 1. 2 Regenerative processes 2 1. 3 The sequence n 1,2, . . . 4 = !::!n' 1. 4 The process t dO,co)} 11 {~t' The process t dO,co)} 1. 5 15 {~t' Applications to the GIIG/1 queue 1. 6 16 The average virtual waiting time during a busy 17 cycle ii. Little's formula 17 iii. The relation between the stationary distributions 18 of the virtual and actual waiting time iv. The relation between the distribution of the idle 20 period and the stationary distribution of the actual waiting time v. The limiting distribution of the residual service 24 time £. , -pw vi. The relation for ~ rn E{e -n} 25 n=O 1. 7 Some notes on chapter I 27 II. The M/G/K system 31 2. 1 On the stationary distribution of the actual and virtua131 waiting time for the M/G/K queueing system 2. 2 The M/G/K loss system 36 2. 3 Proof of Erlang's formula for the M/G/K loss system 43 i. Proof for the system MIMI'" 45 ii. Proof for the system M/G/co 47 VI iii. Proof fol' the MIG IK los s system III. The M/G/1 system 3. 1 Introduction 71 (K) 3. 2 Downcrossings of the ~t -process 74 3. 3 The distribution of the supremum of the virtual waiting 75 • (00) d' b 1 tlme ~t urlng a usy cyc e i. The exit probability 76 ii.