Risk Topography

The recent financial crisis and the difficulty of using mainstream macroeconomic models to accurately monitor and assess systemic risk have stimulated new analyses of how we measure economic activity and the development of more sophisticated models in which the financial sector plays a greater role. Markus Brunnermeier and Arvind Krishnamurthy have assembled contributions from leading academic researchers, central bankers, and other financial-market experts to explore the possibilities for advancing macroeconomic modeling in order to achieve more accurate economic measurement. Essays in this volume focus on the development of models capable of highlighting the vulnerabilities that leave the economy susceptible to adverse feedback loops and liquidity spirals. While these types of vulnerabilities have often been identified, they have not been consistently measured. In a financial world of increasing complexity and uncertainty, this volume is an invaluable resource for policymakers working to improve current measurement systems and for academics concerned with conceptualizing effective measurement.

The recent financial crisis and the difficulty of using mainstream macroeconomic models to accurately monitor and assess systemic risk have stimulated new analyses of how we measure economic activity and the development of more sophisticated models in which the financial sector plays a greater role. Markus Brunnermeier and Arvind Krishnamurthy have assembled contributions from leading academic researchers, central bankers, and other financial-market experts to explore the possibilities for advancing macroeconomic modeling in order to achieve more accurate economic measurement. Essays in this volume focus on the development of models capable of highlighting the vulnerabilities that leave the economy susceptible to adverse feedback loops and liquidity spirals. While these types of vulnerabilities have often been identified, they have not been consistently measured. In a financial world of increasing complexity and uncertainty, this volume is an invaluable resource for policymakers working to improve current measurement systems and for academics concerned with conceptualizing effective measurement.

The second edition of this internationally book concentrates on corneal topography and tomography with the very advanced machine ""The Pentacam HR."" It is a pioneer book in this field. Basics of both corneal topography and tomography are well discussed in details according to Pentacam system. New chapter on Corneal Topography in Cataract Surgery is added in this edition with modifications in some chapters such as Curvature Maps/Corneal Power Maps, Keratoectasia, Topographical Criteria and Patterns of Keratoconus, The Hotspot Syndrome and Topographical Patterns of Irregular Astigmatism. Excell.

The new edition of this leading text atlas on corneal topography has been updated to include the latest advances in technology, such as Pentacam and Orbscan. The principles and theory underlying each technology are first clearly explained, and clinical applications are then examined. The authors describe how to use the different technologies and devices, explain the clinical readout with illustrations of normal corneal topography, discuss applications and findings in common disease states, and present the appearances after various corneal surgical procedures. The pros and cons of each system are highlighted. This up-to-date, superbly illustrated book is the most comprehensive guide to corneal topography currently available. It is anticipated that this second edition will become the seminal corneal topography textbook for all with an interest in corneal disease and its management, and refractive surgery.

Reviewing current policies and practices, the book assesses the financial, economic and physical risk of building in hazardous areas, and looks at how societies approach economic development while trying to create a more resilient built environment in spite of the dangers. It examines the vulnerability of economic and social infrastructure to natural hazard events, looks at policies which imperil infrastructure, and proposes new development approaches to be undertaken by sovereign states, international development banks, NGOs, and bilateral aid agencies.

Corneal topography has become essentially a pattern recognition trade, best learned by viewing multiple images of representative patterns. In spite of this, currently available topography books focus only on the technology behind topography, or a particular application of topography, as opposed to presenting a comprehensive collection of topographic patterns that provide quick, consistent pattern recognition and identification. Drs. Wang and Kugler, along with Drs. Morgan and Boerman, look to fill this void with Atlas and Clinical Reference Guide for Corneal Topography. Atlas and Clinical Reference Guide for Corneal Topography is the first corneal topography book that lends itself to efficient image search and reference for busy clinicians at chair side. Organized into both map-based and disease-based sections, the book allows for quick reference in busy clinical situations. Images come from the commonly used topographers, the Zeiss Atlas and the Oculus Pentacam, but the principles of pattern recognition can be applied to any topographer. Due to the text’s large collection of topographic images and corresponding corneal conditions, Atlas and Clinical Reference Guide for Corneal Topography can be used side by side with the topographer. Designed as both a learning tool for students and a reference for clinicians to use when faced with a challenging topography interpretation, Atlas and Clinical Reference Guide for Corneal Topography will be appreciated by a wide spectrum of eye care professionals. General ophthalmologists, cataract and refractive surgeons, corneal specialists, optometrists, and ophthalmology residents and students will benefit from this invaluable atlas for corneal topography.

This paper presents the Systemic Risk and Interconnectedness (SyRIN) tool. SyRIN allows a comprehensive assessment of systemic risk via quantification of the impact of risk amplification mechanisms, due to interconnectedness structures across banks and other financial intermediaries—insurance, pension fund, hedge fund and investment fund sectors, which cannot be captured when analyzing sectors independently. The tool produces various metrics to evaluate systemic risk from complementary perspectives, including tail risk, cross-entity interconnectedness and the contribution to systemic risk by different entities and sectors. SyRIN is easily implementable with publicly available data and can be adapted to cater to different degrees of institutional granularity and data availability. The framework is designed to be a tool to identify vulnerabilities from a top-down perspective that can lead to deeper analysis in specific sectors for policy formulation.

We identify current challenges for creating stable, yet efficient financial systems using lessons from recent and past crises. Reforms need to start from three tenets: adopting a system-wide perspective explicitly aimed at addressing market failures; understanding and incorporating into regulations agents’ incentives so as to align them better with societies’ goals; and acknowledging that risks of crises will always remain, in part due to (unknown) unknowns – be they tipping points, fault lines, or spillovers. Corresponding to these three tenets, specific areas for further reforms are identified. Policy makers need to resist, however, fine-tuning regulations: a “do not harm” approach is often preferable. And as risks will remain, crisis management needs to be made an integral part of system design, not relegated to improvisation after the fact.