Scanning Probe Microscopies Beyond Imaging

This first book to focus on the use of SPMs to actively manipulate molecules and nanostructures on surfaces goes way beyond conventional treatments of scanning microscopy merely for imaging purposes. It reviews recent progress in the use of SPMs on such soft materials as polymers, with a particular emphasis on chemical discrimination, mechanical properties, tip-induced reactions and manipulations, as well as their nanoscale electrical properties. Detailing the practical application potential of this hot topic, this book is of great interest to specialists of wide-ranging disciplines, including physicists, chemists, materials scientists, spectroscopy experts, surface scientists, and engineers.

Written by three leading experts in the field, this textbook describes and explains all aspects of the scanning probe microscopy. Emphasis is placed on the experimental design and procedures required to optimize the performance of the various methods. Scanning Probe Microscopy covers not only the physical principles behind scanning probe microscopy but also questions of instrumental designs, basic features of the different imaging modes, and recurring artifacts. The intention is to provide a general textbook for all types of classes that address scanning probe microscopy. Third year undergraduates and beyond should be able to use it for self-study or as textbook to accompany a course on probe microscopy. Furthermore, it will be valuable as reference book in any scanning probe microscopy laboratory. Novel applications and the latest important results are also presented, and the book closes with a look at the future prospects of scanning probe microscopy, also discussing related techniques in nanoscience. Ideally suited as an introduction for graduate students, the book will also serve as a valuable reference for practising researchers developing and using scanning probe techniques.

Procedures in Scanning Probe Microscopies Edited by R J Colton, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, USA A Engel, Biocenter, Basel University, Switzerland J Frommer, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA H E Gaub, Technical University, Munich, Germany A A Gewirth, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA R Guckenberger, Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany W Heckl, Ludwig Maximillians University, Munich, Germany B Parkinson, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA J Rabe, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany Scanning Probe Microscopies (SPM) are revolutionising scientific discovery in diverse disciplines including organic, inorganic and physical chemistry, polymer and materials science, biological and medical systems, electrochemistry and nanotechnology. In this collection of protocols, Procedures in Scanning Probe Microscopies will enable you to: * Build confidence in using SPM * Maximise the potential of your SPM instrumentation * Extend your skill levels The only applications-orientated guide, Procedures in Scanning Probe Microscopies covers scanning tunnelling microscopy, atomic force microscopy and electrochemical methods.

There have been many books published on scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and related subjects since Dr. Cerd Binnig and Dr. Heinrich Rohrer invented STM in 1982 and AFM in 1986 at IBM Research Center in Zurich, Switzerland. These two techniques, STM and AFM, now form the core of what has come to be called the 'scanning probe microscopy (SPM)' family. SPM is not just the most powerful microscope for scientists to image atoms on surfaces, but is also becoming an indispensable tool for manipulating atoms and molecules to construct man-made materials and devices. Its impact has been felt in various fields, from surface physics and chemistry to nano-mechanics, nano-electronics and medical science. Its influence will surely extend further as the years go by, beyond the reach of our present imagination, and new research applications will continue to emerge. This book, therefore, is not intended to be a comprehensive review or textbook on SPM. Its aim is to cover only a selected part of the active re search fields of SPM and related topics in which I have been directly involved over the years. These include the basic principles of STM and AFM, and their applications to fullerene film growth, SiC surface reconstructions, MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) growth of CaAs, atomic scale manipulation of Si surfaces and meso scopic work function.

Techniques of nanoscale functional imaging and spectroscopy have blossomed since the invention of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) tools, starting with scanning tunneling microscopy in the early 1980s. The ability to resolve topographical features with nanoscale—sometimes atomic—precision has revolutionized our understanding of molecules, matter, and living systems. These observations have led scientists to pose increasingly more complex questions about properties beyond morphology and their evolution upon external stimuli. Overall, SPM-based schemes provide versatile ways to probe structural, electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties of materials at the nanoscale. Getting started with SPM can be intimidating. This digital primer aims to provide undergraduate and graduate students majoring in various fields of science and engineering with a practical guide to grasp essential concepts and principles related to SPM image and spectra formation and their interpretation. This guide may also be helpful to researchers who are considering new ways of evaluating nanoscale properties of materials, devices, or living systems as applicable to their respective fields. Because of the extensive literature on the developments and applications of SPM, it was impossible to comprehensively cover all aspects of the field. Hence, deliberate choices were made to emphasize some techniques that have not been discussed as extensively in the literature but hold great promise to understand complex systems at the nanoscale.

Provides basic information about scanning probe microscopes (SPMs), which are used in a wide variety of disciplines, including fundamental surface science, routine surface roughness analysis, & spectacular three-dimensional imaging -- from atoms of silicon to micron-sized protrusions on the surface of a living cell. Issues covered in this handbook range from fundamental physics of SPMs to their practical capabilities & instrumentation. Examples of applications are included throughout the text, & several application-specific articles are listed at the end of each chapter.

In the 1990s, there was a considerable development in molecular chemistry through super- and supra-supermolecular stages. These featured large molecular arrays, from interlocked organic macromolecules, nanotubes, dendrimers, polyphenylenes, and many others - especially self-assembling molecules (SAM) - in repeating units in the 5 – 100 nm range. Simultaneously, materials science, and especially electronics, is still going down from microns to nanometers through utilisation of ever-shorter wavelengths in beam lithographies on substrates, especially silicon ones. In addition, unconventional fabrication methods for patterning nanostructures (again for electronics and optoelectronics) are also emerging, at the same time overlapping with other fields where mesoscopic order is responsible for function, such as bio-ordering (shells, plate ordering in animal shells and wings, DNA-derived assemblies, and so on).

The Nobel Prize of 1986 on Sc- ningTunnelingMicroscopysignaled a new era in imaging. The sc- ning probes emerged as a new - strument for imaging with a p- cision suf?cient to delineate single atoms. At ?rst there were two – the Scanning Tunneling Microscope, or STM, and the Atomic Force Mic- scope, or AFM. The STM relies on electrons tunneling between tip and sample whereas the AFM depends on the force acting on the tip when it was placed near the sample. These were quickly followed by the M- netic Force Microscope, MFM, and the Electrostatic Force Microscope, EFM. The MFM will image a single magnetic bit with features as small as 10nm. With the EFM one can monitor the charge of a single electron. Prof. Paul Hansma at Santa Barbara opened the door even wider when he was able to image biological objects in aqueous environments. At this point the sluice gates were opened and a multitude of different instruments appeared. There are signi?cant differences between the Scanning Probe Microscopes or SPM, and others such as the Scanning Electron Microscope or SEM. The probe microscopes do not require preparation of the sample and they operate in ambient atmosphere, whereas, the SEM must operate in a vacuum environment and the sample must be cross-sectioned to expose the proper surface. However, the SEM can record 3D image and movies, features that are not available with the scanning probes.