Schopenhauers Criticism Of Kan

Hope is at the core of human existence. It can either be an emotion or an attitude. In either case, it is a natural and basic affection of the mind. This analysis of hope will clarify the concept by dealing with its involvement in knowledge, ethics and metaphysics. Hope can lead to truth or error, depending on whether it is a presentation of probabilities by the intellect, or just a reflection of expectations from the will. In this book, a short survey of views on hope, from the history of philosophy, will be followed by an account of Schopenhauer's critical approach. Hope will be treated within his framework of optimism and pessimism, and of how it may serve as an important element in the critique of ideologies.

'my philosophy is like Thebes with a hundred gates: one can enter from all sides and through each gate arrive at the direct path to the centre' Schopenhauer's two essays On the Freedom of the Will and On the Basis of Morals form his complete system of ethics. Their doctrines, continuous with those in his major work The World as Will and Representation, are presented here in more accessible, self-contained form. Schopenhauer argues, in uniquely powerful prose, that self-consciousness gives the illusion of freedom and that human actions are determined, but that we rightly feel guilt because our actions issue from our essential individual character. He locates moral value in the virtues of loving kindness and voluntary justice that spring from the fundamental incentive of compassion. Morality's basis is ultimately metaphysical, resting on an intuitive identification of the self with all other striving and suffering beings. These essays, newly translated here with an introduction and notes, contain a critique of Kant's ethics, and advance a position that was in turn the target of criticism by Nietzsche. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.

This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1911 edition. Excerpt: ... or the spontaneity of knowledge,"1 the faculty of judging,2 the faculty of concepts,3 and the faculty of cognitions generally.4 Reason, again, is variously described as the faculty of judging mediately,5 as the constant condition of all free actions of man,6 as the ground of all concepts, opinions, and assertions,7 as the faculty which organizes and systematizes conceptions,8 as the faculty of deducing the particular from the general,9 and so forth.10 Now, from all this lack of consistency in his terminology, Schopenhauer argues Kant's utter confusion of understanding and reason. This perplexity on Kant's part Schopenhauer finds not difficult to explain, from his own point of view: neither of the two faculties is assigned a definite function, just because Kant failed to recognize their respective spheres of operation. It is in the failure sharply to discriminate between perception and conception that Schopenhauer finds the ground of that "heillosen Vermischung"11 which mars the entire 'Transcendental Logic' How do perception and conception each affect the genesis of the object of experience? Kant's answer lacks all consistency: "through the whole of his theory the utter confusion of the idea of perception with the abstract idea tends towards a something between the two which he expounds as the object of knowledge through the understanding and its categories, and calls this knowledge experience. It is hard to believe that Kant really figured to himself something fully determined and really distinct in this object of the understanding."1 57), and reason the faculty of inference (Kr. d. r. V., pp. 303, 330; M., pp. 246, 268). Now Schopenhauer himself regards judging as a sort of bridge between perception and conception (G., I, pp. 108 ff.;...

Excerpt from Schopenhauer's Criticism of Kant's Theory of Experience: A Thesis Kantian problem. It will be well, however, to keep in mind from the very start these three conclusions of Kant's philosophy. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.