Separations For Biotechnology 2

The challenge of bioseparations is to isolate and purify identified products from the dilute product broth produced from cell culture. Innovation in bioseparations technology is increasingly driven by the requirements imposed by the growing importance of production on a process scale of injectable-grade products, and economic pressures to improve the efficiency of downstream processing. As in other areas of technical change, science does not necessarily precede new technology: progress results from a complex and messy mixture of advances in understanding, ingenious ideas, novel techniques and chance discoveries. What is certain is that close interaction between academics and practitioners, biological scientists and process engineers is needed to solve the problems of bioseparations. The Second International Conference on Separations for Biotechnology at Reading, UK, in September 1990 set out to provide a critical multidisciplinary forum for the discussion of bioseparations. This volume contains the papers presented at the meeting. The meeting was organised around six themes with oral and poster presentations on the science and practice of bioseparations technology, and the same structure has been kept for this book. We have also included the texts of the keynote review paper by Professor Alan Michaels and the introductory review papers specially commissioned for the conference. Within each part of this book the review paper is followed by the contributed papers grouped alphabetically by their first author. All the original papers published here were accepted for publication after scientific refereeing.

Centrifugal Separations in Biotechnology, Second Edition, is the only book on the market devoted to centrifugal separation in biotechnology. Key topics covered include a full introduction to centrifugation, sedimentation and separation; detailed coverage of centrifuge types, including batch and semi-batch centrifuges, disk-stack and tubular decanter centrifuges; methods for increasing solids concentration; laboratory and pilot testing of centrifuges; selection and sizing centrifuges; scale-up of equipment, performance prediction and analysis of test results using numerical simulation. Centrifugal Separations in Biotechnology, Second Edition, provides guidance on troubleshooting and optimizing centrifuges, and then goes on to explore the commercial applications of centrifuges in biotechnology. It gives detailed process information and data to assist in the development of particular processes from existing systems. It is of value to professionals in the chemical, bioprocess, and biotech sectors, and all those concerned with bioseparation, bioprocessing, unit-operations and process engineering. Provides a comprehensive guide to centrifuges, their optimal development, and their operation in the biotechnology industry Updated throughout based on developments in industrial applications and advances in our understanding of centrifugal separations in biotechnology Discusses applications for the separation of proteins, DNA, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes and other cellular elements Includes new sections on use of optimal polymer dosage in waste treatment, new centrifuge designs for applications in algae processing, biopharma, and more

Success in meeting the challenge to produce the commercial products anticipated by the exploitation of biological processes depends upon provid ing effective separation protocols. Effectiveness can be measured in terms of selectivity, purity, resolution and validatory success. The major processing problems are associated with either the selective recovery of molecules which are present in low concentrations from complex mixtures or the selective removal of contaminants from the desired molecule. Central to the evolution of processes satisfying this demand are the regulatory requirements being imposed by governments on the purity of a product, especially in the health care market. Synthetic organic chemists are increasingly finding it advantageous to conduct one or more steps using either enzymic biotransformations where molecules with a single and consistent stereochemistry or chirality are required. The underlying princi ples behind the methods, techniques and processes currently being used and developed commercially rely upon the biospecific nature and properties of the desired molecule. When these factors are married to the more traditional techniques of precipitation, chromatography, liquid-liquid extraction and membrane processes, powerful tools emerge, allowing highly selective separations to be designed. The logical extension of these combinations is to apply genetic engineering techniques to influence the separations at a more fundamental and structural level by modifying the target protein at source, during its synthesis, to facilitate its separation in a given, selective manner, leading to the distinct possibility of producing 'designer' separation programmes.

Vol. II The work presented in these two volumes is the collaborative effort of over twenty undergraduate science faculty, whose common goal was to develop a text of unique and flexible laboratory activities focusing on the theory and practice of biotechnology for undergraduate students. The books are designed to provide flexibility for easy integration into any course in the life sciences with an experimental emphasis.

A mixture of two polymers, or one polymer and a salt, in an aqueous medium separates into two phases: this phenomenon is useful in biotechn- ogy for product separations. Separation of biological molecules and particles in these aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) was initiated over 40 years ago by P.-Å. Albertsson, and later proved to be of immense utility in biochemical and cell biological research. A boost in the application of ATPS was seen when problems of separations in biotechnology processes were encountered. Its simplicity, biocompatibility, and amenability to easy scaleup operations make the use of ATPS very attractive for large-scale bioseparations. Despite the advantages ATPS enjoys over other separation techniques, the application of two-phase systems has for a long time been confined to selected labora- ries. Recent years have, however, shown a trend in which increasing numbers of researchers employ two-phase partitioning techniques in both basic and applied research.

This book reviews methods and techniques for separating food components and products of the biotechnology industry. The introduction focuses on food composition and some of the conventional separation techniques. Subsequent chapters deal with each specific type or area of application individually and include information on the basic principles, industrial equipment available, commercial applications and an overview of research and development.